Deciding to Licence or Assign When Selling a Patent

Deciding to Licence or Assign When Selling a Patent After youve brought your new idea to full fruition, youve invented it; and after youve gotten your intellectual property protection, youve patented it. Like most independent inventors, the next task at hand will be commercializing your product, you make money from it. If the following conditions apply to you: You have decided for a variety of reasons that you shouldnt be the one to manufacture, market, and distribute your invention yourself, you invented a better mousetrap but you dont want to go into the mousetrap business.You were/are not an employee and your invention was/is not automatically assigned to your employer as specified in your contract. There are two common ways to profit from your patent: licensing and assignment. Lets take a look at the differences between the two and help you decide which path is better for you. The Licensing Route Licensing involves a legal written contract where you the owner of the patent are the licensor, who grants rights to your patent to a licensee, the person that wants to license your patent. Those rights can include: the right to use your invention, or copy and sell your invention. When licensing you can also write performance obligations into the contract, for example, you dont want your invention to just sit on the shelf so you can include a clause that your invention must be brought to market within a certain amount of time. Licensing can be an exclusive or non-exclusive contract. You can determine how long the licensing contract will be in effect. Licensing is revocable by a breach of contract, by preset time limits, or by a failure to meet performance obligations. The Assignment Route Assignment is the irrevocable and permanent sale and transfer of ownership of a patent by the assignor (thats you) to the assignee. Assignment means that you will no longer ever have any rights to your patent. Typically its a one-time lump sum total sale of your patent. How The Money Rolls In - Royalties, Lump Sum With licensing your contract can stipulate a one-time payment or/and that you receive royalties from the licensee. These royalties usually last up until your patent expires, that could be twenty years that you receive a small percentage of the profits from each product that is sold. The average royalty is about 3% of the wholesale price of the product, and that percentage can commonly range from 2% to 10%, and in very rare cases up to 25%. It really depends on what kind of invention you have made, for example; a brilliant piece of software for an application with a foreseeable market can easily command double-digit royalties. On the other hand, the inventor of the flip-top drink can is one of the richest inventors in the world, whose royalty rate was only a tiny percentage. With assignments you can also receive royalties, however, lump-sum payments are much more common (and bigger) with assignments. It should be pointed out that because licensing is revocable when someone doesnt pay you your royalties thats a breach of contract, and you can cancel the contract and take away their rights to use your invention. You would not have the same weight with assignments because they are irrevocable. So in most cases, it is better to go the licensing route when royalties are involved. So which is better, royalties or a lump sum? Well consider the following: how ​novel is your invention, how much competition does your invention have and how likely is it that a similar product will hit the market? Could there be a technical or regulatory failure? How successful is the licensee? If there are no sales, ten percent of nothing is nothing. All the risks (and benefits) involved with royalties are avoided with a lump sum payment, and with assignments, that lump sum payment you receive, you never have to refund. However, negotiations for a lump sum payment do acknowledge the fact that the buyer is paying more upfront because they are assuming more risks to gain themselves a greater profit in the long run. Deciding Between Assignment or Licensing Royalties should be the main consideration when deciding between licensing or assignment. If you choose to receive royalties, choose licensing. If you want the capital that the best lump sum payment will bring you choose assignment. Are you in debt from your invention project? Would the money advance other projects and erase your debts? Or is your invention ready for commercialization, ready to make and sell, and you have determined that sales would be good and that you want royalties, then licensing is probably the better choice for you.

Overview of United States v. Susan B. Anthony

Overview of United States v. Susan B. Anthony The United States v. Susan B. Anthony is a milestone in womens history, a court case in 1873. Susan B. Anthony was tried in court for illegally voting. Her attorneys unsuccessfully claimed that citizenship of women gave to women the constitutional right to vote. Dates of Trial June 17-18, 1873 Background When women were not included in the constitutional amendment, the 15th, to extend suffrage to black men, some of those in the suffrage movement formed the National Woman Suffrage Association (the rival American Woman Suffrage Association supported the Fifteenth Amendment).  These included Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Some years after the 15th Amendment passed, Stanton, Anthony, and others developed a strategy of attempting to use the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection clause to claim that voting was a fundamental right and thus could not be denied to women.  Their plan: to challenge limits on women voting by registering to vote and attempting to vote, sometimes with the support of the local poll officials. Susan B. Anthony and Other Women Register and Vote Women in 10 states voted in 1871 and 1872, in defiance of state laws prohibiting women from voting. Most were prevented from voting. Some did cast ballots. In Rochester, New York, almost 50 women  attempted to register to vote in 1872. Susan B. Anthony and fourteen  other women were able, with the support of election inspectors, to register, but the others were turned back at that step.  These fifteen women then cast ballots in the presidential election on November 5, 1872, with the support of the local election officials in Rochester. Arrested and Charged With Illegal Voting On November 28, the registrars and the fifteen  women were arrested and charged with illegal voting. Only Anthony refused to pay bail; a judge released her anyway, and when another judge set new bail, the first judge paid the bail so that Anthony would not have to be jailed. While she was awaiting trial, Anthony used the incident to speak around Monroe County in New York, advocating for the position that the Fourteenth Amendment gave women the right to vote.  She said,  We no longer petition legislature or Congress to give us the right to vote, but appeal to women everywhere to exercise their too long neglected citizens right. Outcome The trial was held in U.S. District Court.  The jury found Anthony guilty, and the court fined Anthony $100. She refused to pay the fine and the judge did not require her to be jailed. A similar case made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1875. In Minor v. Happersett,  On October 15, 1872,  Virginia Minor  applied to register to vote in Missouri.  She was turned down by the registrar and sued.  In this case, appeals took it to the Supreme Court, which ruled that the right of suffrage- the right to vote- is not a necessary privilege and immunity to which all citizens are entitled and that the Fourteenth Amendment did not add voting to basic citizenship rights. After this strategy failed, the National Woman Suffrage Association turned to promoting a national constitutional amendment to give women the vote.  This amendment did not pass until 1920, 14 years after Anthonys death and 18 years after Stantons death.

Personal Financial Planning - The Pensions Environment Essay

Personal Financial Planning - The Pensions Environment - Essay Example Kingdom, United States of America, Japan, Sweden, Switzerland, France, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, Hong Kong, Singapore, Australia, Italy, Canada, New Zealand and others etc. have enormous resources, highly sophisticated and modernized technology, technical education and know-how that have enabled them to provide a safer and secure living environment to their citizens in comparison to poor third world, African and Asian countries such as , Zimbabwe, South Africa, etc. However, at one extreme, the governments of these developed countries are engaged in providing quality living facilities and standards that have dramatically increased the life expectancy rates and have resulted in a colossal increase in populations of elderly and retired personnel. On the other extreme, these governments are facing immense problems due to these constantly increasing average age statistics that have jumped tremendously in past 25 years in the wake of improving environmental conditions and other factors. More specifically, this paper aims to discuss the issue of increasing longevity that has placed severe strains on the pension system and has forced radical reform of pensions’ structures in developed economies. I will be focusing on the impact of longevity on United Kingdom’s pensions’ structure and pensions policy planning. John H. Fitzpatrick (2009) who is a Partner and Director of Pension Corporation revealed that there are six major forces that affect the size and ownership of Longevity Risk. The first factor is the fact that number of retired people will continue to grow with the passage of time because of the ‘increase in population amid baby boom and life expectancy’. This would place severe strain over the authorities that are responsible for development of pension policies and allocation of pension budgets. The problem is further aggravated when Economic growth in the UK creates more jobs every year thus reducing unemployment at one stage, while on the other,

MEMO REPORT(WAGE NEGOTIATIONS Incident Decision) Assignment

MEMO REPORT(WAGE NEGOTIATIONS Incident Decision) - Assignment Example The union has made it clear that if their demands are not met the employees will go on strike. The firm should avoid the strike scenario under all consequences. The proposed solution avoids the risk of a work stoppage caused by a worker’s strike. The optimal solution for the company is to settle with the union in order to resolve the incident. The negotiator send to talk will admit that the employees deserve a raise. The negotiator will explain to the union representatives that the increase in production of the company came due to a variety of factors including better equipment, optimal use of technology, and mastering the learning curve. The human factor also contributed directly to the increment in production. The firm will open its books to show the union that the company cannot afford such a high increment in salary. The proposed solution is to offer the employees an increase of $400 per

Networks classification Essay Example for Free

Networks classification Essay In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data. Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software. Networking software applications are available to manage and monitor networks of all sizes, from the smallest home networks to the largest enterprise networks. Networks classification 1. Local Area Networks (LANs): These connect over a relatively small geographical are, typically connecting computers within a single office or building. In most cases they connect to a common electronic connection- commonly known as a network backbone. LANs can connect to other networks either directly or through a WAN or MAN. Most LANs connect workstations and personal computers. 2. Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs): These connect networks around a town or city. Short for Metropolitan Area Network, a data network designed for a town or city. In terms of geographic breadth, MANs are larger than local-area networks (LANs), but smaller than wide-area networks (WANs). An example of a Man is the Eastman (Edinburgh and Stirling MAN) network that connects universities and colleges. 3. Wide Area Networks (WANs) : These connect networks over a large geographical area, such as between different buildings, towns or even countries. 4. A campus area network (CAN) is a computer network made up of an interconnection of LANs within a limited geographical area. In the case of a university campus-based campus network, the network is likely to link a variety of campus buildings including, for example, academic colleges or departments, the university library, and student residence halls. 5. A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network used for communication among computer and different information technological devices close to one person. Some examples of devices that are used in a PAN are personal computers, printers, fax machines, telephones, PDAs, scanners, and even video game consoles. A PAN may include wired and wireless devices. The reach of a PAN typically extends to 10 meters Topology Network topology is the arrangement of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer or biological network. Essentially, it is the topological structure of a network, and may be depicted physically or logically. There are two basic categories of network topologies: 1. Physical topology refers to the placement of the networks various components, including device location and cable installation, 2. logical topology shows how data flows within a network, regardless of its physical design. The study of network topology recognizes eight basic topologies: †¢ Point-to-point = the simplest topology is a permanent link between two endpoints. †¢ Bus = A linear bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a terminator at each end (See fig. 1). All nodes (file server, workstations, and peripherals) are connected to the linear cable. Advantages of a Linear Bus Topology †¢ Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus. †¢ Requires less cable length than a star topology. Disadvantages of a Linear Bus Topology †¢ Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable. †¢ Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable. †¢ Difficult to identify the problem if the entire network shuts down. †¢ Not meant to be used as a stand-alone solution in a large building. †¢ Star = A star topology is designed with each node (file server, workstations, and peripherals) connected directly to a central network hub, switch, or concentrator (See fig. 2). Data on a star network passes through the hub, switch, or concentrator before continuing to its destination. The hub, switch, or concentrator manages and controls all functions of the network. It also acts as a repeater for the data flow. This configuration is common with twisted pair cable; however, it can also be used with coaxial cable or fiber optic cable. Advantages of a Star Topology †¢ Easy to install and wire. †¢ No disruptions to the network when connecting or removing devices. †¢ Easy to detect faults and to remove parts. Disadvantages of a Star Topology †¢ Requires more cable length than a linear topology. †¢ If the hub, switch, or concentrator fails, nodes attached are disabled. †¢ More expensive than linear bus topologies because of the cost of the hubs, etc. †¢ Ring = A network topology that is set up in a circular fashion in which data travels around the ring in one direction and each device on the right acts as a repeater to keep the signal strong as it travels. Each device incorporates a receiver for the incoming signal and a transmitter to send the data on to the next device in the ring. The network is dependent on the ability of the signal to travel around the ring. When a device sends data, it must travel through each device on the ring until it reaches its destination. Every node is a critical link. †¢ Mesh = The value of fully meshed networks is proportional to the exponent of the number of subscribers, assuming that communicating groups of any two endpoints, up to and including all the endpoints Advantages of Mesh topology 1) Data can be transmitted from different devices simultaneously. This topology can withstand high traffic. 2) Even if one of the components fails there is always an alternative present. So data transfer doesn’t get affected. 3) Expansion and modification in topology can be done without disrupting other nodes. Disadvantages of Mesh topology 1) There are high chances of redundancy in many of the network connections. 2) Overall cost of this network is way too high as compared to other network topologies. 3) Set-up and maintenance of this topology is very difficult. Even administration of the network is tough. †¢ Tree = A tree topology combines characteristics of linear bus and star topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured workstations connected to a linear bus backbone cable (See fig. 3). Tree topologies allow for the expansion of an existing network, and enable schools to configure a network to meet their needs. Advantages of a Tree Topology †¢ Point-to-point wiring for individual segments. †¢ Supported by several hardware and software venders. Disadvantages of a Tree Topology †¢ Overall length of each segment is limited by the type of cabling used. †¢ If the backbone line breaks, the entire segment goes down. †¢ More difficult to configure and wire than other topologies. †¢ Hybrid = Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.). For example a tree network connected to a tree network is still a tree network topology. A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected. Two common examples for Hybrid network are: star, ring network and star bus network †¢ Daisy chain = Except for star-based networks, the easiest way to add more computers into a network is by daisy-chaining, or connecting each computer in series to the next. If a message is intended for a computer partway down the line, each system bounces it along in sequence until it reaches the destinati on. A daisy-chained network can take two basic forms: linear and ring. o The straight-through cables are used when connecting Data Terminating Equipment (DTE) to Data Communications Equipment (DCE), such as computers and routers to modems (gateways) or hubs (Ethernet Switches). The cross-over cables are used when connecting DTE to DTE, or DCE to DCE equipment; such as computer to computer, computer to router; or gateway to hub connections. The DTE equipment terminates the signal, while DCE equipment do not. †¢ RJ stands for Registered Jacks. These are used in telephone and data jack wiring registered with FCC. RJ-11 is a 6-position, 4-conductor jack used in telephone wiring, and RJ-45 is a 8-position, 8-conductor jack used in 10BaseT and 100BaseT Ethernet wiring. †¢ UTP stands for Unshielded Twisted Pair. It is the cabling system with one or more pairs of twisted insulated copper wires contained in a single sheath. It is the most widely used cabling system in telecommunications and data communications environment today.

Comparison of Ancient Greek Pottery :: essays papers

Comparison of Ancient Greek Pottery Throughout the history of Ancient Greece thousands of great works of art were produced. Works were created in many different media, ranging from life-size statues to larger than life architectural structures. One type of art that can sometimes be overlooked, though, is pottery. There are many examples of great Greek pottery, but the two that will be used as a sample are Artemis Slaying Actaeon and Woman and Maid. By considering the backgrounds of these works, and comparing them directly we are able get a taste not only of the artistic styles of the time, but also a taste of ancient Greek culture. Artemis Slaying Actaeon and Woman and Maid share many common characteristics, due to the fact that they came from Greece, around the same time in history. Both works were produced between 480B.C.E.-320B.C.E. , the classical period of Greek art. The first, Artemis Slaying Actaeon was made circa 470B.C.E. in the early classical period, during the transition from the more stylized art of the Archaic period. The other came from around 450 B.C.E., during the high classical period when Greek art was most prominent and produced some of its most refined works. Despite the artistic beauty of the two vases, both were made for more than just decoration. The vase depicting Artemis is what was called a Bell Krater and was used for mixing the popular Greek drink of water and wine. The other, called a Lekythos was used to pour liquids during elaborate burial ceremonies to honor the wealthy. Another main function of pottery in many cases is to tell a story, which is exactly what Artemis Slaying Actaeon intends. The vase depicts the goddess of the hunt, Artemis, slaying a hunter Actaeon, whom accidentally intruded on her bathing while on a hunt. On the other hand, Woman and Maid is intended as a remembrance of a wealthy woman, and depicts an offering of a chest of valuables from a slave girl to the deceased. Just at first glance of these two vases, one can tell that they were crafted in very different styles, giving a distinct look to each. The contrast of light and dark on the two vessels are what stand out to make each piece unique. Anyone can notice that while Artemis Slaying Actaeon is mostly black, the Woman and Maid is very a luminous white.

Global Strategy

Compare and contrast standardized, concentrated and differentiated Global Marketing. Critically evaluate each strategy with an example from a global company to illustrate the differences There is a tendency for international corporate-level strategies to be substituted for global marketing strategies; namely, multi-domestic strategy to concentrated marketing, global strategy to standardized marketing, and transnational strategy to differentiated marketing. However, the borderline lies as the former focuses broadly on firm’s operations while the latter narrowly involves factors within the marketing mix that directly influences the customer behavior. Although this distinction is used to promote accuracy across the paper, there will be instances that corporate strategies, at least in their concept, can provide the necessary platform of discussion. With respect to product, standardized marketing differs from its opposite extreme concentrated marketing as products are introduced to a foreign country without any change*. Although the strategy is cheaper due to absence of research and development and other operational modifications, it can be expensive and unprofitable in the long-run. . Campbell Soup Company lost millions of dollars in England by using this strategy. This is where customization and customerization become crucial wherein decentralization about product features and designs are made suited to local customers. Nokia adjusted the voice recognition capability of cellular phones in the Asian market to adapt to its crowded streets while Mister Donut’s coffee cup and donuts were made smaller and lighter for an average Japanese consumer. Also, the adaptation implemented by Hyatt Hotels in Singapore with regards to feng shui was deemed to boost the profitability business. Lying in the middle, differentiated marketing seeks to achieve both the efficiency of standardized and local responsiveness of concentrated. As a result, the necessity for product invention plays vital role not only for faster reaction to market needs but also permanent realization of profits. The National Cash Register Company adjusted to relativity of product life cycle across different countries which constituted backward invention. It sold crank-operated cash register at cheaper price compared to global pricing to anticipate the local response to relatively unknown machine. Forward invention, on the other hand, gave Toyota a rationale to design specific vehicles to suit the budget of less developed countries. Although this strategy is very promising in the long-run, start-up product innovation/ research and substantial financing connotes risky venture to partake. With respect to promotion, the three strategies can be distinguished in the methods of branding, product name, advertisement and the use of media. The cost-effectiveness inherent to standardized marketing differs from concentrated as the former can take one message to reflect its intention. Considered an inappropriate promotional tool due to unique cultural and language nation factors, there are few global firms that use the former absolutely. Exxon’s â€Å"Put a tiger in your tank† was internationally recognized with still minor variations. In the contrary, the latter adapt or limit taboos and language context in the local market to avoid discouraging meaning like Dairy Association’s â€Å"Mist Stick† translation to German as â€Å"manure stick†. To prevent futility of promotions even tendency to adversely affect behavior, Carlsberg adapted the copy to suit the culture not for the whole country but to cities and its close neighbors. Differentiated marketing is the broad version of concentrated particularly in geographical markets as it tends to be national-bounded. The best illustration can be observed in different country restrictions on advertising. Cigarettes and alcohol companies must select another kind of media aside from television in countries such as Norway, Belgium and France since the legal system does not allow such its airing. In addition, Saudi Arabia does not allow them to present women in advertisement. As a result, not only differentiated is costly compared to the other strategies it also requires resourcefulness on the part of promoters. On other hand, relative to counterparts, the cost of advertisement has its larger return on exposure (upper hand against concentrated) and flexibility (against standardized). With respect to pricing, standardized model will price the same-level across different countries while concentrated can obtain at varied pricing according to internal and external factors to the firm. Standardized pricing is more resistant to government scrutiny since it inhibits dumping practices which is considered an unethical business practice. As a result, concentrated and differentiated pricing are more volatile for policing firms or governments especially in the growing presence of dumping areas and gray market. Stelco sued dumping practices in 2000 in a Canadian tribunal to resolve unhealthy competition form cut-price steel imports allegedly from the United States. The profit-based motive of cross-country distributors enabled them to establish price distortion. However, there are times that distortion is fair translation of cost incurred. Standardized pricing would be impractical for firms who usually ships merchandize form different country locations. In effect, the exporting firms have the right to increase the price due to transportation and tariff expenses. On the other hand, technology-based firms have the opportunity to use standardized pricing and still be operationally healthy and ethical which can be difficult and doubtful from the other models. On-line training that can be shared through internet-connection can have the same service charge across different countries. On a different approach, General Electric Company maintained a standardized pricing to its top 100 customers by augmenting service-oriented activities to counter the call for commodity prices of its products. As a result, it was able to prevent devaluation of its produce and even increase its profit margin to a record high. With respect to place, the choice of marketing model depends on the capability of the firm to establish retailing stores abroad and the complexity/ simplicity of distribution channels in the local market. For non-commodity goods, standardized place will depend on the former to remain competitive, if not possible. McDonalds have been expanding to numerous countries, although the home office still dictated accreditation of franchisee or building a subsidiary. In commodity products, Procter & Gamble had to address the issue of huge mark-up in the price of its soaps due to complicated distribution system in Japan which has at least five stages of channels before selling it to end users. In this case, concentrated place is likely to gain success in the local market that will also necessitate price escalation. Multinationals in India, which is characterized by millions of independent retailers selling commodity products, will also gain advantage when it used concentrated place. On the other hand, in automobiles, the use of differentiated place emphasized both the importance of having controlled host country office and adapted structure of channels. General Motors had ordered its country managers to coordinate its actions to top-managers in the headquarters to monitor sales but still they can respond to local distribution patterns. As a result, the consolidated performance of the firm improved. Differentiated place involves flexible coordination with the home office and host distributions. As long as the latter follows the regulation of the headquarters, the model will still be operational. Consequently, to exploit the advantages and anticipate disadvantages of the three models, there is a need to describe the required/ existing organizational structure to determine the firm’s appropriate marketing strategy. Concentrated model is likely to have operational decisions decentralized to overseas units to comply with local requirements such as cultural, political, economic and legal issues. Country units focus in competition with local firms and can win such competition because of its higher attention to local desires and needs making them customized. However, the model undermines the cost-effectiveness of economies of scale while coordination problems may arise due to unique mind-set of local and home administrators. Second, the standardized model has a centralized and controlled strategy maker through the home office initiative. The home office aspires integration and interdependence among subsidiaries to intensify the efficiency in producing the same products using the same technology and machineries with little need of research or product modification. At the rare times it developed a new product, its value to the firm is positively disproportionate as subsidiaries would impart the products success if the market respond to this innovation. Due to sharing of resources, coordination costs that can have internal/ personal costs increases. The model also undermines the potential of securing higher profits through local responsiveness while products tend to be mass-produced. Lastly, differentiated model would likely have flexible coordination between home office and subsidiaries. This allows the communication lop to be completed making its possible for a responsive home and subsidiary offices. Reconciliation, both financial and business, is important to have optimal gain in global efficiency and local responsiveness. As standardize model requires cooperation, this model has great emphasis on collaboration. Global Strategy Compare and contrast standardized, concentrated and differentiated Global Marketing. Critically evaluate each strategy with an example from a global company to illustrate the differences There is a tendency for international corporate-level strategies to be substituted for global marketing strategies; namely, multi-domestic strategy to concentrated marketing, global strategy to standardized marketing, and transnational strategy to differentiated marketing. However, the borderline lies as the former focuses broadly on firm’s operations while the latter narrowly involves factors within the marketing mix that directly influences the customer behavior. Although this distinction is used to promote accuracy across the paper, there will be instances that corporate strategies, at least in their concept, can provide the necessary platform of discussion. With respect to product, standardized marketing differs from its opposite extreme concentrated marketing as products are introduced to a foreign country without any change*. Although the strategy is cheaper due to absence of research and development and other operational modifications, it can be expensive and unprofitable in the long-run. . Campbell Soup Company lost millions of dollars in England by using this strategy. This is where customization and customerization become crucial wherein decentralization about product features and designs are made suited to local customers. Nokia adjusted the voice recognition capability of cellular phones in the Asian market to adapt to its crowded streets while Mister Donut’s coffee cup and donuts were made smaller and lighter for an average Japanese consumer. Also, the adaptation implemented by Hyatt Hotels in Singapore with regards to feng shui was deemed to boost the profitability business. Lying in the middle, differentiated marketing seeks to achieve both the efficiency of standardized and local responsiveness of concentrated. As a result, the necessity for product invention plays vital role not only for faster reaction to market needs but also permanent realization of profits. The National Cash Register Company adjusted to relativity of product life cycle across different countries which constituted backward invention. It sold crank-operated cash register at cheaper price compared to global pricing to anticipate the local response to relatively unknown machine. Forward invention, on the other hand, gave Toyota a rationale to design specific vehicles to suit the budget of less developed countries. Although this strategy is very promising in the long-run, start-up product innovation/ research and substantial financing connotes risky venture to partake. With respect to promotion, the three strategies can be distinguished in the methods of branding, product name, advertisement and the use of media. The cost-effectiveness inherent to standardized marketing differs from concentrated as the former can take one message to reflect its intention. Considered an inappropriate promotional tool due to unique cultural and language nation factors, there are few global firms that use the former absolutely. Exxon’s â€Å"Put a tiger in your tank† was internationally recognized with still minor variations. In the contrary, the latter adapt or limit taboos and language context in the local market to avoid discouraging meaning like Dairy Association’s â€Å"Mist Stick† translation to German as â€Å"manure stick†. To prevent futility of promotions even tendency to adversely affect behavior, Carlsberg adapted the copy to suit the culture not for the whole country but to cities and its close neighbors. Differentiated marketing is the broad version of concentrated particularly in geographical markets as it tends to be national-bounded. The best illustration can be observed in different country restrictions on advertising. Cigarettes and alcohol companies must select another kind of media aside from television in countries such as Norway, Belgium and France since the legal system does not allow such its airing. In addition, Saudi Arabia does not allow them to present women in advertisement. As a result, not only differentiated is costly compared to the other strategies it also requires resourcefulness on the part of promoters. On other hand, relative to counterparts, the cost of advertisement has its larger return on exposure (upper hand against concentrated) and flexibility (against standardized). With respect to pricing, standardized model will price the same-level across different countries while concentrated can obtain at varied pricing according to internal and external factors to the firm. Standardized pricing is more resistant to government scrutiny since it inhibits dumping practices which is considered an unethical business practice. As a result, concentrated and differentiated pricing are more volatile for policing firms or governments especially in the growing presence of dumping areas and gray market. Stelco sued dumping practices in 2000 in a Canadian tribunal to resolve unhealthy competition form cut-price steel imports allegedly from the United States. The profit-based motive of cross-country distributors enabled them to establish price distortion. However, there are times that distortion is fair translation of cost incurred. Standardized pricing would be impractical for firms who usually ships merchandize form different country locations. In effect, the exporting firms have the right to increase the price due to transportation and tariff expenses. On the other hand, technology-based firms have the opportunity to use standardized pricing and still be operationally healthy and ethical which can be difficult and doubtful from the other models. On-line training that can be shared through internet-connection can have the same service charge across different countries. On a different approach, General Electric Company maintained a standardized pricing to its top 100 customers by augmenting service-oriented activities to counter the call for commodity prices of its products. As a result, it was able to prevent devaluation of its produce and even increase its profit margin to a record high. With respect to place, the choice of marketing model depends on the capability of the firm to establish retailing stores abroad and the complexity/ simplicity of distribution channels in the local market. For non-commodity goods, standardized place will depend on the former to remain competitive, if not possible. McDonalds have been expanding to numerous countries, although the home office still dictated accreditation of franchisee or building a subsidiary. In commodity products, Procter & Gamble had to address the issue of huge mark-up in the price of its soaps due to complicated distribution system in Japan which has at least five stages of channels before selling it to end users. In this case, concentrated place is likely to gain success in the local market that will also necessitate price escalation. Multinationals in India, which is characterized by millions of independent retailers selling commodity products, will also gain advantage when it used concentrated place. On the other hand, in automobiles, the use of differentiated place emphasized both the importance of having controlled host country office and adapted structure of channels. General Motors had ordered its country managers to coordinate its actions to top-managers in the headquarters to monitor sales but still they can respond to local distribution patterns. As a result, the consolidated performance of the firm improved. Differentiated place involves flexible coordination with the home office and host distributions. As long as the latter follows the regulation of the headquarters, the model will still be operational. Consequently, to exploit the advantages and anticipate disadvantages of the three models, there is a need to describe the required/ existing organizational structure to determine the firm’s appropriate marketing strategy. Concentrated model is likely to have operational decisions decentralized to overseas units to comply with local requirements such as cultural, political, economic and legal issues. Country units focus in competition with local firms and can win such competition because of its higher attention to local desires and needs making them customized. However, the model undermines the cost-effectiveness of economies of scale while coordination problems may arise due to unique mind-set of local and home administrators. Second, the standardized model has a centralized and controlled strategy maker through the home office initiative. The home office aspires integration and interdependence among subsidiaries to intensify the efficiency in producing the same products using the same technology and machineries with little need of research or product modification. At the rare times it developed a new product, its value to the firm is positively disproportionate as subsidiaries would impart the products success if the market respond to this innovation. Due to sharing of resources, coordination costs that can have internal/ personal costs increases. The model also undermines the potential of securing higher profits through local responsiveness while products tend to be mass-produced. Lastly, differentiated model would likely have flexible coordination between home office and subsidiaries. This allows the communication lop to be completed making its possible for a responsive home and subsidiary offices. Reconciliation, both financial and business, is important to have optimal gain in global efficiency and local responsiveness. As standardize model requires cooperation, this model has great emphasis on collaboration.

Beauty of Bangladesh

Q. 1:What is the title of your term paper? Ans:The title of our term paper is â€Å"Beautiful Bangladesh† Q. 2:Why do you want to work on the topic? Ans:The topic is so interesting to us we want to work on the topic Q. 3:How do you think this topic is going to help you? Ans:To collect materials on the following topic we need to research some book ,news paper & web link ,Which is so helpfull to increase our knowledge about Bangladesh Q. 4:How do you intend to proceed with this work and from where do you plan to collect the materials? Ans: Because of our curiosity we intend to proceed with this work. We collect data from internet,Some books & newspaper. 1. 1. Introduction 2. 1. heritage sites 1. shat gambuj mosque 2. MohastanGor, Bogra 2. 2. Country Of longest beach & World's Largest Mangrove Forest 2 Sundarban 3 Cox's Bazar 2. 3. Cultural beauty 4 Pohela Boishakh 5 Lalon Akhra 2. 4. Some Other Natural Beauty 7 River & River Side 8 paddy Field 9 Six Seasons are Six beauty 2. 5. The Potential Travel Services 2. 5. 1 The potential of the tourism industry 2. 5. 2. Future tourist demand 3. 1 Conclusion 1. 1 Introduction Bangladesh is a  sovereign state  located in  South Asia. It is  bordered  by  India  on all sides except for a small border with Burma  (Myanmar) to the far southeast and by the  Bay of Bengal  to the south. Together with the Indian state of  West Bengal, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of  Bengal. It is the  eighth most populous country and among the  most densely populated countries  in the world. Bangladesh is in the low-lying Ganges–Brahmaputra River Delta or Ganges Delta. The Ganges unites with the Jamuna and later joins the Meghna to eventually empty into the Bay of Bengal. We have lots of natural elements. In this term paper we want to describe about the beauty of our country. 2. 1 Heritage sites 2. 1. 1. Shat Gambuj Mosque It is a Tughlaq styled mosque. Khan Jahan Ali  was the architect and  general contractor of this historical mosque. It is the largest  historical mosque  in Bangladesh. It is also one of the most impressive  place on the Indian Subcontinent. The mosque is situated on the eastern bank of the Ghora Dighi. The name Shat Gambuj Masjid means a mosque with sixty domes. But  actually the mosque has 77 squat domes with 7 four sided pitched  Bengali domes in the middle row. The mosque is constructed in 1449 with terracotta decoration. Around the doors you can see beautiful design. Inside of the mosque the walls are designed by former muslim cultural tradition. The full  mosque is a wonderful archeological beauty which is the signature of  the 15th century. 2. 1. 2. Mahasthangarh [Bogra] Mohasthangarh is one of the main attractions in north Bengal. It was the capital of Kingdom of the Mourjo, the Gupta and the Sen Dynasty. This is the ancient archeological and historical which was, established in 2500 BC. It is the oldest archaeological site of Bangladesh is on the western bank of river Karatoa 18 km. The spectacular site is an imposing landmark in the area having a fortified, oblong enclosure measuring 5000 ft. by 4500 ft. with an average height of 15 ft. from the surrounding paddy fields. This 3rd century archaeological site is still held to be of great sanctity by the Hindus. Every year (mid-April) and once in every 12 years (December) thousands of Hindu devotees join the bathing ceremony on the bank of river Karatoa. 2. 2 Country Of longest beach and World's Largest Mangrove Forest 2. 2. . Cox's bazar To the south of Chittagong, Cox's Bazaar is the tourist capital of Bangladesh. Having the world's longest unbroken (120 km) beach sloping gently down to the blue waters of the bay of bengal against the picturesque background of a chain of hill covered with deep green forests. Cox's Bazaar is one of the most attractive tourist spots in the world. Miles of golden sands, towering cliffs surfing waves, rare conch shells, colorful pagodas, Buddhist temples and tribes, delightful seafood – these are specialties of Cox's Bazaar. The beach is good for bathing, sunbathing and swimming. The breath-taking beauty of the sun-setting behind the waves of the sea is captivating. Visits to the fascinating picnic spot at Himchari, Teknaf are amazing. Buddhist temple at Ramu and nearby island of Sonadia, St. Martin and Mohaskhali are memorable experience of one's lifetime. 2. 2. 2. Sundarban The Sundarbans delta, at the mouth of the Ganges river, is the largest mangrove forest in the world, spreading across parts of Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. The Sundarbans features a complex network of tidal waterways, mudflats and small islands of salt-tolerant mangrove forests. The area is known for its wide range of fauna, with the Royal Bengal tiger being the most famous, but also including many birds, spotted deer, crocodiles and snakes. Tiger is the greatest parts of the Sundarbon and they are very powerful. Bengal tigers are very attractive in the worlds demand. So many tiger exist in the world but Rayal Bengal Tigers are very demanding here for their extra ordinary activities of their own. 2. 3. Cultural Beauty 2. 3. 1. Pohela boishakh: The first day of Bangla year is called Pohela Boishakh or Bangla New Year. It is the first day of the Bengali calendar celebrated in both Bangladesh and West Bengal and Bengali communities in Assam and Tripura. . â€Å"Celebrations of Pohela Boishakh started from Akbar's reign. It was customary to clear up all dues on the last day of. On the next day, or the first day of the New Year, landlords would entertain their tenants with sweets. On this occasion there used to be fairs and other festivities. In due course the occasion became part of domestic and social life, and turned into a day of merriment. 2. 3. 2. Lalon Akhra: Fakir Lalon Shah is also known as Lalon Shah (c. 774–1890), was a Bangladeshi philosopher poet. His poetry, articulated in songs, is considered classics of the Bangla language. Fakir Lalon Shah lived in the village of Cheuria in the district of Kushtia and to the Upazila(sub district) of Kumarkhali in Bangladesh. The details of Lalon's early life are made controversial mainly by urban-educated scholars representing communal tendenc ies among both Hindu and Muslim writers. Lalon also recorded very little information about himself. Depending on the source, some claim Lalon was born of Hindu Kayastha parents and during a pilgrimage to Murshidabad with other Bauls of his native village; . 4. Some Other Natural Beauty 2. 4. 1. River and river side: Bangladesh is a land of rivers. Many of these rivers are wide and long. The bank of the river presents an unbroken view of a variety of sights which entertain the eyes. Here men, women and children bathe, there women get down to water’s edge with pitchers in their hands and again there washer man wash clothes and cowboys graze their cattle. A river offers a grand spectacle on a moonlit night. All around there is a deep silence which is now and then broken by the splashing dip of oars and the songs of the boatman. . 4. 2. Paddy Field: A paddy field is a flooded parcel of arable land used for growing rice and other semi aquatic crops.. Paddies can be built into stee p hillsides as terraces and adjacent to depressed or steeply sloped features such as rivers or marshes. During the twentieth century, paddy field farming became the dominant form of growing ricePaddy field looks different in different colors. When it is green the land turns into a carpet of bright green rice shoots while the smell of drying jute invades the air. And when it is yellow then the paddy field looks like gold. . 4. 3. Six Seasons and Six Beauties: At an interval of every two months, there appears a new season in Bangladesh. Thus we have six seasons in Bangladesh. They are summer, the rainy season, autumn, the late autumn, winter and spring. March to May or in Bengali Baishakh and Jaistha are the Summer months. Summer is the season of scorching sun. It is the season of perspiration and thirst. Then comes the rainy season. The months of June to August or Asharh and sraban make the rainy seasons. In this season the sky remains cloudy and it rains day and night. Rivers, tanks, ponds and canals are full of water. The autumn rolls into Late autumn or Hemanto, which is the seasons of dew. Harvesting of crops begins soon. The golden paddy in the fields creates in the minds of the peasants many happy dreams. From mid-November to early January, the weather becomes more arid and less humid. The earth dries and dust forms. Warm clothes are pulled out. Young people play tennis, football, cricket and golf. The coolest days are from mid-December to February when the days are golden with light, the flowers are blooming and the nights and early mornings are chilly. Night guards wrap themselves up in shawls and blankets with scarves and hats are pulled down over their ears. 2. 5. The potential travel and tourism services in Bangladesh 2. 5. 1. The potential of the tourism industry The tourism industry is quite a young line of business in Bangladesh, where the development predominantly has been left to the local market forces. Today this market has both local and international tourist players competing for the small existing market, primarily composed of a local tourist market and a foreign business market. Bangladeshi government and private tourist sector are represented by organisations, nevertheless co-operation, strategies and policies aiming at developing a prosperous and sustainable tourist industry are rare – and not always implemented if they exist . To develop the Bangladeshi tourism industry successfully a local based strategy is crucial – without visions, missions, goals and policies for this line of business the development is largely uncontrolled. Here by there is a possibility that an undesired or destroying tourist development takes place, often being influenced by powerful foreign tourist players. . 5. 2. Future tourist demand Bangladesh is part of South Asia, which also includes Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. This major region is the most under represented region in tourism terms, with 23 per cent of the world’s population but less than 1 percent of staffers. We have lots of natural elements. We need to care our nature. We h ave lots of opportunities to increase our tourist demand. We can introduce our self as a tourist country. We have longest beach and mangrove forest and lots of natural elements of beauty. We can advertise our self as a most beautiful country in world 3. 1. Conclusion: It is not possible to describe the beauty of Bangladesh in some paper. We have lots elements of our natural beauty. I hope I will never find any country as Bangladesh. Reference http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Bangladesh http://www. thedailystar. net/newDesign/news-details. php? nid=177974 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sundarbans http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jamuna_Bridge http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Paddy_field http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Pohela_Baishakh http://www. virtualbangladesh. com/ ttps://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bg. html http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-south-asia-12650940 http://thequeenofnaturalbeauty. blogspot. com/2009/03/bangladesh. html#comments.. watch http://thequeenofnaturalbeauty. blogspot. com/2009/03/bangladesh. html#comments.. watch http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cox's_Bazar http://www. discovercoxsbazar. com/coxs-bazar-the-longest-sea-bea ch-in-the-world. html http://www. discoverybangladesh. com/meetbangladesh/coxbazar. html http://www. sundarbanmannada. com/ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sundarbans Daily star New age

6 Resume Tips for Recent Graduates

6 Resume Tips for Recent Graduates School can feel like an intense bubble while you’re in it. Classes, papers, grades, and activities take up so much of your time and energy. But then graduation comes, and it’s time and put those skills and that knowledge to use for cash money and a satisfying career. That can be a tough transition, so if you’re high on potential and low on experience, don’t despair. To get yourself ready for the post-graduation job hunt, here are 6 great resume tips for recent graduates. If you already have some experiences from internship or part time jobs, you can also check out our guide on resume best practices 2016.1. Don’t stress about lack of experience.You’re a new grad- no one expects you to have experience beyond an entry level. What you do have already are skills. Your resume should be heavy on the skills you’ve been developing through your academic career: for example, software training and use, presentation skills, and problem solving skil ls. You also likely have part-time work, student employment, or volunteer experience as well. Definitely don’t forget those, even if they’re not obviously related to your future career.2. Think about what you need.It can also be stressful if you feel like your education hasn’t really prepared you for the job market. I’ve been there: I was an English major at a large state university. The school focused on academics and teaching as postgrad options- both of which I’d already ruled out as careers for myself. So I sat down researching what I could do with my English degree, and what my interests were. That led to publishing, and I came up with a plan to get extra training in editing and writing while working general office jobs to get experience and pay my postgrad bills.Thinking about what you really want, and having an action plan to get it can really help you refine your resume.3. Don’t forget the extracurriculars.If you have activities that have helped build skills (student government, Spanish Club, Future Accountants of America), you should take stock of those skills as well. As you get further into your career, you won’t need to lean as heavily on your school activities, but when you’re getting started those skills you picked up can help fill in for concrete experience. If you decide to use your extracurriculars in your resume, be sure to use examples of how they helped build your skills.4. You don’t need to write a novel.Again, no one expects recent grads to come up with a several-pages-long list of accomplishments. A clear, concise one-pager is fine.5. Be prepared to edit.Similar to #3, you don’t need to have one sacred resume doc that fits all. This means you should plan to do several stages of editing. The first round is to go through and figure out what’s necessary to include (skills, training, education, recent honors/awards, work experience) and what’s probably not cr ucial (specific classes you took, the spelling award you got in third grade, or the six months you thought you wanted to be a puppeteer- false alarm).The second round of edits should be specific to each job you’re applying for. Include related honors and awards, any experience you have in that area, and applicable skills. Be creative†¦if your thankless summer job included dealing with customers of (ahem) varying degrees of politeness, emphasize in your resume that you have strong communication and public service skills.6. Play with the format.If you’re following the traditional resume template of education/coursework, jobs, accomplishments, and then general skills, consider switching it up. Quality is more important than format, and you want the reader to be presented with your best side up front. If you feel more comfortable leaning on your skills over your experience, frontload those.For example, your resume could be: skills/training, education, awards, then job s and experience. As long as your resume is a coherent snapshot of you and is written well, you’re not stuck with any particular format.The best thing you can do for your postgrad rà ©sumà © is to put in the time and effort to figure out what you already have working for you, and how to spin it. â€Å"New grad† doesn’t have to mean â€Å"blank slate.† You can totally make it mean â€Å"building a new career on a great foundation.†

Daughter Chromosome

Daughter Chromosome Definition: A daughter chromosome is a chromosome that results from the separation of sister chromatids during cell division. Daughter chromosomes originate from a single stranded chromosome that replicates during the synthesis phase (S phase) of the cell cycle. The duplicated chromosome becomes a double-stranded chromosome and each strand is called a chromatid. Paired chromatids are held together at a region of the chromosome called the centromere. The paired chromatids or sister chromatids eventually separate and become known as daughter chromosomes. At the end of mitosis, daughter chromosomes are properly distributed between two daughter cells. Daughter Chromosome: Mitosis Prior to the start of mitosis, a dividing cell goes through a period of growth called interphase in which it increases in mass and synthesizes DNA and organelles. Chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids are formed. Prophase - sister chromatids begin migrating to the center of the cell. Metaphase - sister chromatids align along the metaphase plate. Anaphase - spindle fibers separate sister chromatids by pulling them centromere first toward opposite ends of the cell. Once separated, each chromatid becomes known as a daughter chromosome. Telophase - daughter chromosomes are separated into distinct new nuclei. After cytokinesis, two distinct daughter cells are formed from a single cell. Daughter chromosomes are equally distributed between the two daughter cells. Daughter Chromosome: Meiosis Daughter chromosome development in meiosis is similar to mitosis. In meiosis however, the cell divides twice producing four daughter cells. Sister chromatids do not separate to form daughter chromosomes until the second time through anaphase or in anaphase II. The cells produced in meiosis contain half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Sex cells are produced in this manner. These cells are haploid and upon fertilization are united to form a diploid cell.

Negotiation Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Negotiation Journal - Essay Example The outcome of a negotiation will often depend on the manner in which the parties carry out the negotiations. In order to engage meaningfully in any negotiation, it is necessary to develop a multi-pronged strategy that seeks to address some of the major concerns brought out by the competing parties. A good negotiator must begin from a clear and concise understanding of the issues at the center of the conflict. In many cases, this necessarily involves an awareness of the points of strengths and weaknesses of all the parties involved. A moderation of factual analysis of the issues and the power of persuasion is one of the ways that have always proven resourceful in the course of any negotiation. The art and science of negotiation entails the adoption of flexible approaches. The methods to be used in any negotiations should, in most cases, be determined by the specifics of the problem. Depending on the level of complexity of any situation, the process of negotiation may require the incl usion of the counsel of experts on some specific matters. The inclusion of expert opinions could serve to increase the cooperation of the parties involved in a conflict or disagreement because professional facts are always neutral. This strategy has often worked in negotiations that involve the settling of some technical details, which may not be easily comprehensible to one or more of the parties involved in a conflict. Finally, all negotiators must guard against the temptations of succumbing to presumptions, stereotypes, prejudice, or open bias. Such tendencies usually compromise their levels of neutrality and incur the displeasure and non-cooperation of some parties involved in negotiations. All negotiations should be carried out in sensitive and delicate processes, which involve clear attention to the core issues and the underlying concerns. The use of timelines while carrying out negotiations is an important strategy of measuring the amount of progress and success. In some case s, the process of negotiation may require occasional revision of strategies in order to fulfill certain desired

Changing American colonial family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Changing American colonial family - Essay Example iod, the child protectors and family reservations condemned the dissolute, a lazy working-class father who dishonored every aspect of their male decency by beating or deserting their wives and economically abusing or exploiting their children. In response to this, eleven states made non-support and desertion of destitute families a crime and three states introduced whipping post, in which men who beat their wives are subjected to flogging (Ramirez, 242) However, to fight the financial abuse of children, activists pressed for certain laws which included the compulsory school attendance laws, creation of orphan trains and orphanages for accommodating the neglected and abused children and lastly child labor restriction statutes. In the meantime, campaigns to minimize the rates of divorces in the 1880s were underway. During that period, it was recorded to have the world’s highest number of divorces. Reducing was done through prolonging the waiting periods, creating family courts and minimizing the grounds for divorce, alongside efforts to remove segregated male-only improvements of recreation. After about a century, the way that the issue of men in families was culturally and socially constructed experienced a fundamental redefinition. Combined with amplified struggles to enhance the male’s remuneration, so as to allow him to support his family devoid of the support of children and wives. Additionally, anxiety about the i mmigrant father who represented old beliefs and obstruction efforts to Americanize his off-spring was on the rise (Shammas, 110) To enhance integration, self-conscious exertions were made to use schools, peer relationships and settlement houses to aid first-generation children and wives to break free from outdated cultural beliefs which was frequently represented by the foreign language-speaking, unassimilated, bearded adult man. The majority of the legal responsibilities and rights of the familys head comes from ancient studies of one or another