Ethical Theories Essay

It is vital for businesses to understand the importance of ethics in this dynamic environment. Organizations that are committed to long term success recognize and realize that creating a culture where ethical behaviors are rewarded and encouraged is the ultimate key to survival and growth. According to Joseph 2003, business ethics refers to clear standards and norms that help employees to distinguish right from wrong behavior at work, while in the other hand ethical theories are theories that involve learning what is right and wrong and doing the right thing but the fact that the right thing is not straight forward brings in the subject of ethical dilemmas. Normally ethical theories can be broken up into two separate groups, teleological and deontological. Teleological theories look to the rightness of actions and are determined by the amount of good consequences they produce and focus on outcomes that are based on decisions. In teleological theories these actions are justified by th e virtue of what the actions achieve, rather than some feature of the actions themselves. In other words, decisions that benefit the overall goal and/or objective is collectively believed as a way to justify what is right or wrong. The philosophy of utilitarianism is one of the most commonly used and accepted ethical theories in the teleological group and is linked to Jeremy Bentham and John S Mills. According to Crane and Matten (2010) utilitarianism is defined as an action which is morally right if it results in the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people affected by the action. This principle focuses solely on the consequences of an action and it weighs the good results against the bad results. It also encourages the action that results in the greatest amount of good for all people involved. Utilitarianism is very powerful in business since it puts at the centre of the moral decision a variable which measures the value of an action. Deontological by contrast to teleological, consequences are irrelevant when determining what is right and wrong. Deontol ogical theory states that people should adhere to their obligations and duties when analyzing an ethical dilemma. This means that a person will follow his or her obligations to another individual or society because upholding one’s duty is what is considered ethically correct. For instance, a deontologist will always keep his promises to a friend and will follow the law. A person who follows this  theory will produce very consistent decisions since they will be based on the individual’s set duties. Deontological ethical systems are concerned with the nature of an action that is being judged, whereas teleological judges the consequences of the act rather than the act itself. Founded by Immanuel Kant, Kantian Ethics is the iconic representation of deontological theories. Kantianism emphasizes the principles behind actions rather than an action’s results. Acting rightly thus requires being motivated by proper universal principles that treat everyone with respect. When you’re motivated by the right principles, you overcome your animal instincts and act ethically. â€Å"Until the great mass of the people shall be filled with the sense of responsibility for each other’s welfare, social justice can never be attained† (Helen Keller). John Rawls, an American moral and political philosopher, whose major work, A Theory of Ju stice, had a profound impact on ethics and political theory, believed there must be an alternative view of justice than the view of the Utilitarianism where the action that benefits the greatest is the best. Rawls believed that the principles of justice and fairness among individuals must be fair. John Rawls, social justice theory seeks to create a society where the principles of justice and fairness are provided and to ensure the protection of equal access to liberties, rights, and opportunities, as well as taking care of the least advantaged members of society. The concept is based around a social contract, which is the voluntary agreement among people with each another and the government which results in an organized society. On the other hand, the philosophy of virtue ethics, which primarily deals with the ways in which a person should live, has puzzled philosophers from the beginning of time. Recognized as one of the greatest philosophers in the world, Aristotle explains virtue as a character trait that manifests itself in habitual action. This theory claims that virtues are traits of character that you must practice actively so that they become a part of you and shapes you into becoming a virtuous ethical person. So when you are a virtuous person, you will lead a prosper ous fulfilled life. Since there are many contrasting interpretations regarding a precise definition of virtue, Aristotle theory argues that the individual needs practical wisdom, which is what a person needs in order to live well. On the contradictory side there is Milton Friedman, who is known as one of the greatest and most influential economists and public intellectuals in the  world. He was a firm believer of free-market capitalism which would in turn contribute and adequately administer wealth throughout the nation. Conservative economists, such as Milton Friedman, claim that business is most responsible when it makes profit efficiently, not when it misapplies its energy on social projects, Friedman determines that it is in the best interests for firms to maximize profits. With this Friedman is invoking a deontological, not consequentialist, theory. A consequentialist reading Friedman’s work would look to identify an ‘ends justifies the means’ sense of reasoning. Friedman however makes clear the means of achieving the ends are important, as profits need to be maximized within the regulatory environment and main focus. Along the same steps as Friedman we have Friedrich Hayek, who foll ows the libertarianism theory. Libertarianism is a set of related political philosophies that uphold liberty as the highest political end. This includes emphasis the primary of individual liberty, political freedom, and voluntary association. This theory and Hayek stress that the market will take care of itself, the ideal market is self-regulating and it limits government intervention and/or involvement in the marketplace. Libertarianism expresses that people have certain natural rights and deprivation of those rights is immoral. The entitlement theory just like Hayek, also supports a market system with little to none government intervention, this theory of justice is known by Robert Nozick. Nozick’s entitlement theory is based on the following three principles: one, a person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in acquisition is entitled to that holding; second, a person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in transfer, from someone else entitled to the holding, is entitled to the holding; and third, no one is entitled to a holding except by repeated ap plications of 1 and 2 (Anarchy, State, and Utopia 1974, p.151). According to the entitlement theory, people should only possess what they are actually entitled to according to these principles. Many of these theories are seen throughout the cases from the book Ethics and the Conduct of Business by John R. Boatright. Case 3.2 â€Å"Exporting Pollution† is perfect example that includes different perspectives and insights into such theories. The case summarizes as follows, Rebbeca Wright, an assistant to the vice president of environmental affairs at Americhem, savors the opportunity to apply her  training to public policy analysis that her company faces. She is convinced that cost-benefit analysis, her specialty, provides a rational decision-making tool that cuts through personal feelings and lays bare the hard economic realities. Jim Donnelly, Rebecca’s boss, started her with a draft of a memo that she thought would create a furor if it were ever made public. Jim is preparing a memo of where to establish the company’s new location of their chemical plant. The main problem is that atmospheric pollutants caused by the plant will produce a persistent haze and some of the particles have been known to cause liver cancer in a small portion of people exposed. Four main points about this location are further discussed of what would happen if this new plant opened. Milton Friedman’s, Kant, and deontologic al ethics can be seen in this case. Friedman’s perspective for this case would have Rebecca to follow her duties because this would be doing what would bring the most profits and doing what the stakeholders would want. For deontological and Kant’s perspective on the other hand, it may be argued both ways. Rebecca must follow her duties regardless of the consequences she is working towards, because she has a specific duty she must perform. If she follows the rules she would benefit herself, the company, and all the stakeholders. At the time Kantian ethics still implies that one must follow moral law regardless of the consequences. So because this new plant may cause liver cancer and inflict pain on others, Rebecca can disagree with the company’s decision on manufacturing the new plant. For this case, it depends on which side Rebecca wishes to stand as to what is ethical or not. Whether to support or not the construction of the new plant has ethical attributes with both benefits and consequences.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Lavish Pay at Harvard† is another example great example that applies to some of the theories explained. Jack R. Meyer, the head of Harvard University’s $20 billion endowment fund was under pressure to change the compensation plan for the funds top investment managers due to the high amount of endowment the top five employees were receiving. A few Harvard alumni protested, their collective concern was that they thought the amount of money being paid to those folks was obscene. The compensation of the endowment fund managers far exceeded the salaries of Harvard faculty member and administrators, including the president, who made around half a million dollars. Also, the 5% hike n tuition for Harvard students in 2004 was equal  to the $0 million paid to the two highest earners. Although Harvard has the largest university endowment, the salaries and bonuses paid to the managers greatly exceeded the compensation paid at any other school. In response to the critics , Mr. Meyer noted that the alumni failed to recognize that the amount of bonuses paid does not add up to the value they are giving the university. The schools large endowment was used in many ways to benefit students; such as the coverage of 72% financial aid for undergraduate students, no tuition for families earning less than $60,0000, and it also enable the school to increase the faculty in growing areas and to expand facilities. In the end, Harvard decided to cap the compensation of fund managers. The result was that Jack Meyer and his team of managers left to start their own investment companies, at which many could earn 10 times than they did at Harvard. Teleological and Utilitarianism theories are two great theories that can be applied to this case. With both of these theories we can argue that the amount of money that was being used to pay these managers/employees was a reasonable pay due to what they were giving back to the college. Millions of students and faculty were benefiting from Mr. Meyer and his team, which that’s the main focus on both of these theories: actions are right if they are useful or are for t he benefit of the majority and the end justifies the means. Although they were getting paid large amounts of money their return on the student population had a higher impact. Some of Nozick’s beliefs can be seen in Case 3.4 â€Å"A Sticky Situation.† Kent Graham is an account manager for Dura-Stick Label Products, which has a well-deserved reputation for quality, technical knowledge, and service that enables the company to command a premium price for its products in a very competitive market. Kent has been with Dura Stick for 2 years and his accomplishments have been going downhill and fears his time with company may end leaving his wife and children to provide for. Kent calls Jack Olson at Spray-On Inc. about landing a large account. Jack informs Kent of a new product of theirs they would need labels for, which Jack promises they can do. Although, Kent later finds out Dura-Stick cannot make the desired products so must use another company and mark up the prices so Dura-Stick can still make profit. Kent uses the company’s image as leverage to convince Jack to take the deal. This situation can be argued in different ways for Kent and Dura Stick. Kent knows that he has to land a big time  account and he knows he must do so in order to provide for his family. Though he does lie to customer, he isn’t doing anything illegal. Nozick’s belief of just acquisition is an excellent example in this situation. As long as the seller had rightful ownership, the tr ansaction is just and proper, but if not, then possession is not proper and victims have to be compensated or transaction undone. In contradictive of Nozick, Aristotle’s theory of virtue would argue that this case is exactly what a person with virtuous ethics shouldn’t do. Virtues are traits of character that you must practice actively so that they become a part of you and shapes you into becoming a virtuous ethical person. Because of his actions, Kent is putting in jeopardy his honesty, loyalty, self-control virtues, shaping him in the wrong ethical approach. These theories emphasize different aspects of an ethical dilemma and lead to the most ethically correct resolution according to the guidelines within the ethical theory itself. People can use these theories and the wisdom of these philosophers to determine what is ethical and what is not. Though all decisions have their advantages and disadvantages, by applying this knowledge one can come closer to making the right ethical decision.

ex Education Should be Implemented to Grade-schoolers Position Essay

Ladies and gentleman good morning, today we will be debating about sex education. Sex education taught in the school system has long been debated as right or wrong. There are some who believe it is wholly wrong for the school to get involved in such a sensitive topic. They may believe this because they feel parents should do the talking or it may be down to religious reasons. First let’s define sex education so what is sex education. Sex education is instruction on issues relating to human sexuality, including human sexual anatomy, sexual reproduction, sexual activity, reproductive health, emotional relations, reproductive rights and responsibilities, abstinence, and birth control. Common avenues for sex education are parents or caregivers, formal school programs, and public health campaigns. The word sex, it is one of the few words that catch our attention. Whenever we see the word â€Å"sex† in magazines, newspapers and other print materials, we tend to stop at some point and become interested to read the article where it is written. It’s not because we simply feel the urge to read about sex but perhaps the â€Å"questioning self† wants to clarify and discover the truth about this matter. In liberal democracies, sex is viewed as a normal activity for both adults and teenagers. In the Philippines, it’s very different. Whenever we say the word â€Å"sex†, we are labeled as â€Å"rude†. No wonder why if we heard of â€Å"sex† we directly associate it to â€Å"vulgarity†. We cannot blame ourselves because we are living in a society with a stronghold of moral standards and conservatism. As a representative of the opposition we strongly oppose the implementation of sex education to grade-schoolers. Those grade school pupil who have pure mind and still immature we cannot afford to change the way of thinking of these innocent grade school pupil. It is still early for them to learn about sex education. Teaching sex education to grade-schooler at early age can greatly affect their way of thinking. A person who is 7-11 years old is still immature, they have a imaginative mind and curious to different things specially one that they still haven’t tried, so introducing them about sex education is very risky. There’s no guarantee that the person teaching it has a healthy attitude about sex, or that the teacher really knows anymore about sex that the students do. Sex education brings the information to the front, possibly giving kids ideas of things that they had never thought of before. Instead of just letting things goes by and take their natural course, kids begin thinking about it. They begin to wonder what it’s like and may make poor choices that they never would have if they hadn’t heard about it in the first place. There is also a possibility that they do what couples because of curiosity and immaturity. For teens and young adult are in the transitional stage or the experimental years wherein they are curious about many things and they are very impulsive to try something new, they always seek their selves from other, teaching them how to use contraceptives is a big no, once they learn about birth control and safe sex. The chances for having unplanned teen pregnancies are possible for they are not yet matured to handle such stuff. There’s a tendency that they might have multiple partners. Students may still also suffer from embarrassment or get excitable by the topic matter. Student curiosity will be set high and their urge to try it will be greater. This will cause them to engage in early sex, sex Education program is not the answer to any sex related problems of young teens and minors that have been undergoing at the moment. the schools responsibility is to teach reading, math, science, social studies, etc. Instead of teaching them sex education program, school should concentrate more in moral values, that sex is responsibility, that once done, you must ready to face the consequences and any challenges in life. That sex is sacred it’s not just for fun and pleasure but, it should only be done by couples for procreation. There is a right time for everything, so just like the sex education there is right time to learn about it. Sex education can be compared to a knife – it is useful to those who understand how to use it, but dangerous for those who do not. As parents, would you leave it to someone else to explain something potentially damaging to your children? If they will pursue with it, isn’t it awkward hearing kids say â€Å"Hey mama, can you review me with this condom, pills etc.

Orginal Writing: A seventeen year old girl named Laura

A seventeen year old girl named Laura was having the time of her life. She had been with her love Andy for the past four years and she was desperate to know when he was going to ask that life changing question. One night whilst Laura and her sole mate were at a popular night club, ‘The Jump' Laura realised how lucky she was to have such a lovely boyfriend and felt her life couldn't get any better. The music pumped and pounded, the lights flashed and flickered as Laura and Andy danced the night away. Laura's beautiful brown hair shone with the lights as she jumped up and down with the beat with the surrounding teenagers. Laura was having an awesome time and everything around her didn't seem to matter until she smelt smoke which suddenly alarmed her. She immediately turned around to find her beloved boyfriend clasping a cigarette between two fingers. At an instant Laura thought of the worst and began to panic. â€Å"Andy, don't tell me that's a ‘fag' your holding!† Laura shouted shaking her head in disgust. â€Å"Who do you think I am, a 5 year old that can't do his shoelaces up? I can make my own decisions now Laura why can't you just relax a bit!† Andy explained, as his frustration emptied out on Laura. As Andy finished bellowing at Laura, she became even more determined to prove a point to Andy as her fists clenched and her teeth grinded she grabbed the cigarette and clasped it in her fist. Laura was so uptight about Andy not caring how she felt, she acted quickly and doing so didn't think how the cigarette burned into her sweaty palms. â€Å"Arghhh!† she cried in pain as she waved her hand about trying to cool her burn down as fast as possible. â€Å"Look what you've done† she exclaimed pointing at her red throbbing palm. â€Å"Sort yourself out, ok look, I can't be here whilst you're talking to me like I'm some kind of kid, who do you think you are, my mother† as he said this his backed turned on Laura as he disappeared into the crowds shaking his head. As Laura watched his figure fade into the many surrounding bodies a tear ran slightly down her red blossomed cheek. People began to stare at Laura as she wiped her face which was now smeared with the block of mascara she piled on before coming out. She looked at the ground and began to dance a little in embarrassment. As her heart began to beat through her ears, the music sounded quieter as if she was in a world of her own and all the giggling and staring around her seemed like people didn't care about the disco anymore and wanted to look at the miserable tart in the middle of the dance floor. â€Å"Look at her, poor ‘slag'† Laura heard people whisper, but she knew that they meant for her to hear it. The sounds echoed in her mind as her tears began to flow down her face more rapidly, her dancing suddenly began to droop as her shoulders collapsed and her feet felt like chains were attached to them and she couldn't move anywhere. Everywhere she turned people where staring, as it seemed like she was in a box with alien eyes staring at her with a lock on it which she new there was no key to. She began walking through the many crowds of people that seemed to her like aliens and they looked at her up and down like she was some kind of animal. Every step she took seemed like a mile, as her silent tears turned in to crying as she screwed up her face she now began to run, trying to escape what seemed like a never ending maze with no way out. As she sees the door in the distance she begins to run faster her legs now seeming like they are on a treadmill and her body seems to go through the same people over and over again. Her heart sinks as she sees a group of girls that once were close to her in high school. She looks the other way but keeps turning to make sure they don't see her like this puddle of shame. â€Å"Laura! Laura is that you?† one of the girls shouted, as they saw Laura rushing through the herds of people. â€Å"Laura!† they exclaimed again in a more confused way, wondering why Laura was not answering them. Laura heard these immediate calls but did not stop in her paces as she knew if she did she would not even be able to say hello, as there was such a big lump in her throat from anxiety about upsetting Andy. She hadn't ever had an argument with Andy as they were a loving couple who had so much in common it seemed like they were perfect for each other. As Laura finally reached the door she began to slow down as she knew there was a busy road just outside and didn't want to rush out. She began walking past the bouncers who also stared at her like she was some abnormal freak show. As she went to take a step outside which felt like a gasp of freedom there was a tap on her shoulder. Her ears pricked up and a deep breath of anxiety invaded her lungs. â€Å"Laura you alright mate, long time no sees†¦oh, what's the matter? You've got mascara all over your face you silly cow† , one of the high school mates asked changing the tone and meaning of her question as she saw Laura in the state she in. â€Å"Nothing! Nothing alright, why would you care anyway!† Laura exclaimed in a rushed nasty blur as every time her mouth opened she cried as well. â€Å"Just leave me ok!† Laura shouted in a mean way forgetting that her friend was only trying to help. Laura turned and slowly stepped out of the door she looked up and saw the rain pouring down on top of her. â€Å"You've changed!† the girl shouted from inside the hall! Laura took several deep breaths in and out as every time she breathed out anxiety was released in heavy floods of tears which resembled the weather around her. She started walking slowly, down the dark street kicking the wet puddles beneath her. She started regretting being so miss understanding to Andy and felt like she was some uptight annoying girl who needed to start living a little. She also was kicking herself inside for being so ‘bitchy' to her old friend and knew that she had made such a fool out of herself. The street lamps were on a s she slowly struggled by. Rain bounced on the pavements. Rain, endless rain. Doubt, endless doubt. Then suddenly she stayed still, and listened. Immediately she turned and looked down the alley. Fir some reason Andy seemed close as her heart beat rapidly, as the rain began to poor and the mascara now dripping from her face, it masked her ever flowing flood of tears. â€Å"Andy, Andy baby!† a light seemed to be growing in the distance and seconds later, heard the sounds of footsteps coming up the alley. She saw a figure, large built but quite small. Head and shoulders first, walking steadily, there shadow, cast the light behind them reaching out towards Laura, lengthening as they reached the summit. He was nothing, nothing she recognized. A dark figure haloed in light. She waited, and couldn't speak. â€Å"Do you know him?† he asked, pointing up the moonlit alley. Laura stood for a second as she made out a figure lying on the ground wit drops of rain reflecting of them. She squinted and for a second and realised who it maybe. She ran like she had never ran before as she came to terms with Andy lying in the middle of the alley all cut and unconscious like, in a puddle of his own red blood. â€Å"Andy, it's me Laura!† she exclaimed, as she knelt behind him. He didn't reply. There was the heart beat again rushing through her ears. She backed away from him tears springing to her eyes. She turned to the man behind her which in all the rush she didn't know was actually a cop on duty. Now, the cop by her side leaning over Andy drenched in his blood, the cop put his arm around Laura saying â€Å"he's dead†. Silence flooded the area, even sounds of cars disappeared, just the heart beat stayed in contact with her. ‘bub bum, bub bum' pounding through her ears. She stood up in the rain and said nothing, looking at her dead partner on the pavement and looked at the purple jacket screwed up and drenched in water and his diluted blood. The cop picked up the jacket and turned it over in his hands, â€Å"A Royal, huh† he asked as Laura looked at the cop and very quietly in a murmured voice, â€Å"His name is Andy†. The cop flung the jacket over his arm and took out his notebook and flipped it over to a blank page. â€Å"A Royal† he said. Then he began writing. Laura bit her lip and didn't now what to do or what to say. She felt sorrow rush through her body that was filled with an emptiness that made her have no feelings. She could not cry anymore, the shock was so overpowering. Then she looked across at the cop. In his tight pressed trousers there was a gun half out of his pouch wanting to be clasped as the handle was facing up. Laura did not say or move. She stared at it as the cop carried on talking and writing, talking and writing. What he said she heard blurred as her focus was on the gun. The cop looked up at her as he repeated a sentence over and over but Laura still focusing did not reply. She immediately acted on her instinct and grabbed the gun from the tight pouch and†¦

Measurement and Scaling Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Measurement and Scaling Concepts - Essay Example To Joppe (2000), validity determines what is intended to measure or how truthful the research results are, while Wainer and Braun (1998) further describe validity in quantitative research as, the â€Å"construct validity†. This â€Å"construct† is considered as the initial concept, question, notion, or hypothesis which determines the kind of data that is to be gathered and the manner on how it is to be gathered. Researchers can normally determine validity through asking a series of questions, as well as what will often come across from the answers in the study of others (p. 1). Reliability on the other hand, is the measure whether the research is repeatable; it determines to which extent a measure is comparatively free of random error or is consistent to the specified scores assigned to objects or events (Dipboye, Smith, & Howell, 1994). Kirk and Miller (1986) identified that there are three types of reliability which relate to: (1) the extent to which a measurement, agreed repeatedly, remains the same (2) measurement’s stability over time; and also (3) the similarity of measurements in a given time period (pp. 41-42). Charles (1995) added that, reliability can also mean a high degree of stability, which can be verified through replication of outcomes. In the business sector, according to Miglautsch (2005), any conceptual definition is referred to as an thought or abstraction of techniques as well as practices which include the limitations related to the adoption or application of the definition. Possibly, no one definition will entirely describe the concept, as dissimilar definitions are used for diverse purposes. A "good" conceptual definition should be used in a clear, precise, and complete manner as much as possible. In addition, Operational definition provides the variable/s the meaning based on how study is utilized to a particular study. In view of the fact that the meaning of the study rests on the manner as to

Innovative assignment 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Innovative 2 - Assignment Example Drivers are likely to sleep off after being on the road for long distances or for other reasons such as feeling unwell and being drunk. In the event of such a scenario, the driver will not be in control of the vehicle and hence the increase in the chances of causing an accident. However, with the appropriate use of technology, such a driver can be alerted that he is dosing off. As a result, the chances of such a driver causing an accident are reduced drastically. A steering wheel with heart rate sensors and its display on the vehicle’s dash board In other cases, a driver could suffer from a heart attack. Consequently, the driver is likely to cause an accident or even just get incapacitated by the condition to a point of not being able to call for medical attention. Therefore, with the help of a correct system, when such a condition occurs the system can automatically call for medical assistance on behalf of the driver. In addition, the system can be made intelligent enough to control the vehicle. An image of a car seat with sensors Lastly, sometimes a parent may fail to realise that his or her child is feeling unwell during a drive. This way, the child’s condition is likely to get worse as the parent concentrates on driving. In order to avoid such an occurrence, an intelligent system could be used to alert such a parent of a child’s ailing condition. ... This results in injuries, loss of life, and damage of property or all of these. On the other hand, an adult is not able to contact a doctor when he suffers a condition such as a heart attack. Moreover, a child can get seriously ill if the guardian is not able to realise that the child is ailing. This document provides at simple ways of solving these challenges. A list of the equipment required for the implementation of these systems. In addition, this document analyses some of the possible problems, which can be encountered during the implementation of these systems. However, the possible solutions to these problems are also provided. The key consideration for the implementation of the three systems considered in this document is the reaction of the body during sleep and sickness. This reaction acts as a trigger to the system in order to provide the appropriate response. Conclusion The time taken to respond to sleep during driving, a heart attack or to provide assistance to an ailing child can mean the difference between life and death. With the above systems lives would be saved and in other cases property would also be spared. One great advantage with these systems is that they can be easily implemented. Therefore, many people will be able to afford the systems and their accompanying benefits. Finally, these systems use electronic components that require some power supply for them to work appropriately. Since these this technology will be used within vehicles, there will never be power problems since vehicles usually provide their own power. The History of the Heart Rate Monitor The history of heart rate monitors go back to the 1970’s (Nasa, n.d). For instance, NASA started the development of such

Why Did Romans Fear Rule By Monarchy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Why Did Romans Fear Rule By Monarchy - Essay Example However, with Tarquinius Priscus, it was said that royal inheritance flowed from the female relations of the deceased monarch. The Roman kings were therefore chosen primarily on their virtues and not royal lineage. The powers wielded by the king are difficult to determine since some historians attribute them with those possessed by later Republican leaders, mainly the Consuls. Modern historians believe that Rome's kings were the chief executive for the senate and the people, and that real power was exercised by the people. Other historians believe that the king had the supreme power and the senate and people only had checks upon his power. The king had the sole right to auspice in behalf of Rome as its chief augur. No public business could be undertaken without consent of the gods whose will were made known through the auspices. Thus, the king is treated with reverence as he is considered the mediator between the gods and the people. The king is therefore the head of the national religion and the is its foremost religious executive. He had the power to control the Roman calendar. He also conducted all religious ceremonies, created lower religious officers, and appointed their officials. Aside from his religious authority, the king also held supreme military and judicial authority by virtue of the Imperium. It was his for life and was protected and gave him immunity from being tried for his actions. This allowed him to exercise vast military powers that could not be checked, for he was commander of all Roman legions. The kings wielded enormous power since there was also an absence of laws which protected citizens from the abuses of officials possessing the Imperium. The Imperium also allowed the king to make legal judgments since he also acts as the chief justice of Rome. He had overall jurisdiction over cases brought before him, whether they are civil or criminal, although he could also assign pontiffs to function as minor judges. The powers vested upon him by the Imperium made the king supreme in both peace and war. Although a council advices the king during trials, it has no power over the king and cannot control his decisions. Some historians believe that the king's decision was final and cannot be appealed. Others say that an appeal can be made by a patrician or member of the elite, during meetings of the Curiate Assembly, which elected magistrates and exercised judicial and legislative powers. The king also had the power to nominate or appoint all officials to offices. He appoints a Tribunus Celerum who is similar to the Praetorian Prefect, and served as the commander of the king's bodyguard. The king appointed the Tribune upon entering office and the Tribune was required to eave his office upon the death of the king. The Tribune was second in rank to the king and possessed the authority to convene the Curiate Assembly. The king also appointed the Praefectus Urbanus who performed the duties of warden of the city. The prefect assumed all the king's powers and abilities when the monarch is absent from the city. He assumed the king's power that he was also bestowed the Imperium while inside the city. There came a point in time when the king also acquired the sole right to appoint patricians to the senate. The Senate and the Curiate Assembly had very little power and authority under the Roman kings. They were not independent bodies that could meet and discuss affairs of state. They could only be convened by the king and their discussions are limited to matters which are presented before them by the monarch. The Curiate Assembly had the power to pas laws presented before

The Implication of Legalization or Reduction of Punishment Severity Essay

The Implication of Legalization or Reduction of Punishment Severity for Drug Use and Drug-Related Offenses - Essay Example rmined researcher among those presenting estimates, Herbert Kleber, basically claimed that â€Å"if cocaine were legally available, as alcohol and nicotine are now, the number of cocaine abusers would probably rise to a point somewhere between the number of users of the other two agents, perhaps 20 to 25 million† (MacCoun & Reuter, 2001, 72). This study analyzes and reveals what is known about the effect of harsh prison sentences or the aggressive enforcement levels of drug prohibitions in contemporary America. This study makes two arguments. It is possible that harsh drug penalties could be significantly lessened without substantially escalating use and reoffending but also that legalization could result in considerable escalations in use and reoffending. The two arguments are not conflicting, nor is this study attempting to take up a guarded ‘neutral’ position. Significantly reduced user authorizations may have qualitatively diverse impacts than modifications in the legal position of drug production and sales. To a lot of people, it may appear apparent that reduction of harsh prison sentences or penalties would increase drug use and reoffending. But MacCoun (1993 as cited in MacCoun & Reuter, 2001) claimed that this may not be the case. Similar to the premises of this study, the article enumerated seven different processes by which drug penalties influence drug use and reoffending and analyzed the existing empirical and theoretical literature on each process. Most of these processes put off drug use and reoffending, but hardly any seem to really support it; they are among the numerous accidental outcomes of harsh drug penalties (MacCoun & Reuter, 2001). MacCoun (1993) asserted that lack of knowledge regarding the enormity of each these outcomes- in particular at the legal-illegal threshold—prevented any certain inferences about whether legalization would affect drug use and reoffending, much less the scale of any escalation. But from 1993 thereon, a

Pre-Code Hollywood and Motion Picture Production Code Essay

Pre-Code Hollywood and Motion Picture Production Code - Essay Example Film history suggests that the moment someone observed that the new medium of "moving pictures" could be used to show images that might not be appropriate for all ages and all lifestyles, the movement toward movie had censorship began. This write-up essays the evolution of this censorship in the form of Production Code and the world of Hollywood before the inception of this code, often called the Pre-Code era of Hollywood. The Pre-Code Hollywood Pre-Code Hollywood is the marquee name for a brief period of time in the motion-picture history, 1930-1934 that interfaced between 1930, the official adoption of Production Code and 1934, the rigorous enforcement of the Production Code (Doherty). The four-year interval marks a fascinating and atypical time in Hollywood History, when the censorship was lax and the industry made the most out of it, exploiting all extreme subjects such as sex, vice, violence, and moral meanings forced upon Hollywood. The phrase reminds cinegoers of the time when trigger-happy gangsters, quipping dames, and disruptive rebels of either gender, ran loose in the anarchistic terrain of American Cinema. During this period, Hollywood cinema reached its liberal heights as never before. Women could play imperfect roles and not simply virginal doormats or monstrous vamps; actions could be morally and ethically ambiguous, colored in shades of grey, not just black and white; social and political problems could be discussed without constraints, and sex, seduction and malignity were not taboo subjects (Dohetry). The starting point of the pre-code period in Hollywood has been at the hearth of much discussion amongst researchers. One sect of people consider the onset of sound movies in late 1920s to lead to the commencement of this era while another sect of scholars believe March 31st, 1930 to be the beginning of this era, the date when Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA) pledged to abide with by the Production Code (that was bein g written). Pre-Code in context: It is only logical to look into factors that drove Hollywood towards extremism in their content and nature. To understand the context of Pre-Code Hollywood, it is important to see the other internal and external environments that cusped with this development. It should be noted that at the time of the conception, America was going through The Great Depression, one of the worst years in the history of United States. Ironically, in such desperate times, Hollywood was revolutionized by two media developments - commercial radio broadcasting and synchronized sound cinema. Interfacing issues such as crippling economy, skyrocketing expenses of new sound technology and market erosion by radio brought Hollywood to a desperate state – unparalleled cultural and financial breakdown. As the most noticeable supplier of the national mythos, Pre-Code Hollywood negotiated the cultural disturbances by venting radical bents and reformulating American traditions into DreamWorks and an illusionary seductive world. Though later lauded for forthright sex and bare skin, Pre-code Hollywood was more about economics than erotica. Despite

HR Training Class Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

HR Training Class - Research Paper Example It employs more employees some of whom do not understand how maintain competition in the market. In relation of remaining relevant and competitive, our retail department in this company trains its employees in order to conform to this requirement. This approach benefits our employees by providing a clearly defined working culture in which employees have the necessary job satisfaction that enhances their productivity. The main concern of this training is to find out ways in which Al-Futtaim will expand into global retail through improved customers and employees relation. This will depend on the strategies and policies applied to the employees in relation to customer satisfaction. The policies and strategies will influence the employees. In relation to internationalization, a challenge on maintaining integrity, service and social responsibility is bound to arise Hipsher (2006). The nature of the training will be descriptive. The description will focus on explaining the key issues of how and when to strategize the policies of the training. The information presented in the training will be on the strategies and policies availed from the existing and potential customers of this retail company. The information will assist in developing a roadmap to global retail expansion with special consideration on the strategies that the employees will be equipped. The needs assessment for Al-Futtaim Retail Company gives the facilitators an opportunity to prepare adequate content to deliver to their expected audience. Inadequate number of employees is considered as a prerequisite to the training. The existence of web content with information containing this training may be reproduced for this training. The achievement of an organization depends on a number of factors such as the internal organization and coordination between the management and their sub-ordinate staff. Needs assessment helps an organization

International Relations - Political Science Essay

International Relations - Political Science - Essay Example Globalization can be viewed as both a curse and a cure but in either case, it is inevitable. The concept of a â€Å"shrinking world,† a world wherein travel, trade and communications between countries is becoming easily accessible by all, is luring more and more companies into the worldwide market thanks to significant advances in transportation, communication and a recognition of the success of libertarian marketing systems. It is typically viewed as a necessary and unavoidable key to future world economic development. Others have denounced the process as it seems to increase the current inequalities that exist within and between nations, threatens the employment and living standards of individuals in all countries as talent is pulled from each and low-paying jobs are farmed out to others and prevents the natural social progress with which each of these countries have been involved. Much of the globalization effort is being organized and encouraged by the Western capitalist countries and the big businesses that have ever-increasing power in the political circles, forcing their own ideals, agendas and policies upon developing nations desperate for some help. The reduction of trade restrictions along with the opening of monetary incentives to foreign investments over the last two decades has combined to stimulate economic development. The expansion of free market policies is the economic tool, one already in place and expanding, which is affecting technological advancements and wealth. (Burns, 2006). Because of the increased ability for these larger corporations to move into smaller markets, bringing in their greater resources, greater capital and greater ability to undercut their competitors, smaller businesses are finding it more and more difficult to survive the globalize marketplace. Rather than leading to an increased diversification in the market, as well a s the associated opportunities for employment and

Communication with difficult people Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Communication with difficult people - Essay Example and harmony in the working relationship, it is important that the interpersonal problems, that give rise to conflicting situation at the workplace, be resolved be done at the earliest. The conflicts in workplace must be resolved early because if left long to fester, the situation can become explosive and critical for the organization and adversely affect the performance outcome. I have had a major interpersonal problem with one of my colleagues. I was a teacher and he was looking after the laboratory. For the practical sessions, I needed his help in preparing chemical solutions with specified concentration so that the children could experiment successfully. I was quite perplexed when I found that the experiment was always successfully concluded when I made the chemical solution but failed when the solution was made by the said colleague! When I discussed the problem with the colleague, he not only refused to thrash out the matter but became aggressive and accused me of harassment. Later, it was found that other colleagues were also facing the same problem with him. Taking matters to the principal just resulted in worsening the relationship with the person. To keep peace, I stopped taking the help of the said lab technician but realized that the problem with the colleague needed to be resolved early for long term better relations. The workplace problems are basically external in nature and may arise due to differences in personal and work ideologies among the workers. For effective communication it was important to identify the situations and issues that are seemingly created by others and which threaten personal and professional goals and desires of a person. Noted authors Hitt et al have asserted that conflicts and workplace problems can usually be contributed to four major factors: lack of understanding; different assessment; self interest and envy; and low tolerance (Hitt el al, 2005). The various aspects of the interactive elements of the organization, work

A day in the life of a bike warehouse worker Essay Example for Free

A day in the life of a bike warehouse worker Essay It was six oclock and for the first time in about two years I woke up before my alarm went off. My curtains were not pulled right together so a stream of light was shining on my face. I sat up in bed and looked on my calendar to see what day it was; it was Monday, the first day of my work experience. I got myself out of bed and headed for the shower. The house was so still, every little sound I made seemed to be ten times loader than what it actually was. Like every other morning I had a wash and got changed then crept down stairs to the kitchen. I took a quick glance at the big clock on the wall but the batteries which were destined to run out had finally run flat. I had to find my phone, which Im constantly forgetting where I put, to know the time. I had put it by the cookery books so that I would see it and not panic like every other morning. It was six forty-five which left me fifteen minutes to grab some breakfast before leaving to do my normal everyday paper round. I took a look in the cupboard to find there was nothing worth having, probably a shopping day knowing my luck. I skipped breakfast and jumped on my bike and headed for the local paper shop. I knew that I had to be at the bike shop for my work experience at about nine oclock so I figured that I had to hurry up on doing my paper round. When I got the the shop, the shop owner, Paul, was waiting at the door with some bad news. The shop has two paper rounds one which I do and another which my friend David did. He gave me the good news that David had quit with no warning. Usually I would be excited about this because if I did both the paper rounds I would be paid double but the only downfall was I wasnt sure if I had enough time to do both the paper rounds. Anyway I put all the papers in the bag and did the most strenuous exercise I had done in a long time. It paid off though as that morning I witnessed the most beautiful sun rise. I finally got home, tired out and surprisingly quite cold. Looking at the clock on my mobile phone I had realised that I had been out delivering papers for one and a half hours, allowing me just thirty minutes to get ready and get the the other side of town. I quickly got changed into some suitable clothes and then made my way towards the town. On the way to the town I kept asking myself questions, what will I have to do? Will I be able to do the things which tom did last week? I wonder what the staff will be like? I managed to get myself really nervous about the whole idea of working with people I dont know and if I was really up for the job. I arrived at the shop ten minutes early so that I could introduce myself and get to know the staff a little bit. The main person in charge, Luke, set me off to do my first task which he said was the most important task off all. I was expecting to hear something to do with the bikes but instead he said I dont suppose you can run up to Aldays and grab use a pint of semi skimmed milk. It was when he told me to get the milk when I realised they were going to take advantage of me and make me do all the things which they didnt want to. Anyway, I was there to experience work and if thats what higher ranked staff do, and then thats what I was there to experience. When I came back to the shop with the milk Luke told me to follow him to the kitchen. The kitchen was a small, dirty and smelly room which was mainly used to store bike parts. The only thing that made it a kitchen was the fact that it had a small, filthy sink, a kettle and a bag of tea bags which my best mate Tom had brought in the previous week. In the kitchen were a number of large boxes which contained bikes. Luke pulled one into the middle of the room and asked me to build it in the kitchen whilst he went back to the till to repair some other bikes. This was the part I was dreading most of all, I had never built a bike from flat pack before and there I was expected to know how it all goes together. I opened the box and took a peep inside. The only way of describing what the bike looked like then was simply a box of bits. I took out everything and placed them in an orderly fashion across the floor. I was expecting to find a small booklet or leaflet with instructions on how to build the bike but there wasnt any. I didnt want the staff to know that I came to the bike shop not knowing how to build a bike so I decided to have a go at making it how I thought it went. The first main problem I came across was the packaging. Everything was really well packaged and taped up and all I had to remove it with was a small pair of very blunt scissors. I took a look at the parts in front of me and got cracking with making the bike. Most of the building was pure common sense but there were a few occasions where I had to take apart previous parts so that I could correct myself in places. Once I had finished making the bike I had to adjust the brakes and make sure that everything was in good order. There were lots of bare cable ends which I had to cover but unfortunately I caught the end of my finger on one of the thin cable ends leaving me in agony. I stood up, took a step back and looked at what I had done. I had made my first ever bike from scratch and I must admit, I thought I had done a very good job of it. I went out to find one of the staff members so that they could see if I had done everything ok. A young worker there called Steve came into the kitchen to check over the bike. I was biting my nails and gritting my teeth, hoping that I had done the job correctly. He was being very precise looking at every adjustment and checking that every screw was tight. He stopped what he was doing, leant the bike against the wall and said Well done, you can carry on with the rest of the bikes in the store room. I was so over the moon. I had taught myself a new skill which in the future could help me out. Now that my confidence was a lot better, I found I could make the bikes a lot quicker. I made a further three bikes each a bit different before Luke came into the room and told me that I deserved a lunch break. I took advantage of my break by jogging home and getting myself some lunch. When I came back to the shop I wanted to get straight back into it but there were other jobs that needed to be done. During my break a small lorry fully of ready and unready made bikes had arrived at the shop. With help from John, another employee of the shop, I removed all the bikes and boxes from the lorry to one of two cellars. Once the bikes were all down in the cellar I had the job of sorting them all out into different groups. I didnt really enjoy this much as the cellar was a dark, gloomy room with a not to pleasant smell in the air. I was happy to get out of there once I had finished sorting the bikes out. There was enough time to make a couple more bikes so I was sent back to the kitchen with my tools to make some more bikes from the store room. The radio wasnt too good as the aerial had broken off, so I found myself a tape which I could work to. The time really flew as my mind was in working mode. At three oclock Luke came back into the kitchen and checked all the bikes I had done. He was very impressed with what I had done and told me that I could go home. The room looked like a bomb had been set off in it so I cleared away all the tools I was using, put all the bikes I had built into stock and washed up the cups. I was now ready to go home. On the way out Luke said thank you for the work and said that he would discount me if I needed to buy any thing for my bike. I said good bye and went home. On the way home I thought about how my day had been. I realised that although I didnt originally want to work at the bike shop, it wasnt as bad as what I was expecting. In life youre not always going to get the jobs you want so I decided that for the rest of the week I was going to make the most of the experience.

Strategic Marketing Of Maruti Suzuki Marketing Essay

Strategic Marketing Of Maruti Suzuki Marketing Essay Planning to plan includes developing answer to the questions and making the necessary decisions to the initial questions of the any actual planning process. It is critically important not to rush to the planning process. Without clarifying the different expectation held by people in the organization related to plan. The first step in planning to plan is to make certain that there is organizational commitment to the planning process. The organizations key players is especially the chief executive officer (CEO) or executive director, who are view the planning process as important and are willing to invest time and effort behind the planning process of the organization, without that kind of obvious commitment strategic planning process can not be successful. (Leonard David Goodstein, 1993) Strategic Business modeling This modeling involves the organizations initial attempt to spell out in some detail with the paths by which the organizations mission is to be accomplished. In this phase of the modeling process, the planning team is asked to future scenarios and it is also asked to identify the steps necessary fro achieving those scenarios, who will responsible for those step and when those steps can be accomplished. Moreover, strategic business modeling is not an extrapolation of the organization is doing now. This models that are developed should reflect the values and the overall mission which was created on the earlier phases of the planning process. (Leonard David Goodstein, 1993) 1(c) basic Frame work of the organization I am going to explain the 7 S frame work as follows: This 7-S frame work developed by the McKinsey. This frame work was originally developed by deep thinking and more broadly about effectively organizing a company. Its concept related on strategy implementation as a matter of structure and strategy. These seven elements is conjunction with a different of other elements. Shared values Strategy Structure Systems Skills Staff Style The seven S elements divided in two parts, are called hard and soft elements. Hard or tangible elements are strategy, structure and systems. Strategy refers to plan of action to achieve a particular goal or objectives, such as related on certain products and markets and allocating resources. Strategy is the direction and scope of an organization over the long term period. Structure: it is refers to the organizational structure, hierarchy and co-ordination including division and activities and integration of tasks. A structure provides a convenient way of organizing several related variables as a single unit. Systems are the primary and secondary processes that the organization employees to get things done, for instant manufacturing system supply planning order taking process etc. systems thinking offers you a powerful new perspective and a set of tools that you can use to address the most stubborn problems in your everyday life and work. Diagram of basic frame work develop strategy (Steven, Wouter, Steve, 2003) Soft elements are style, staff, skills and shared values. Style refers to the unwritten yet tangible evidence of how management really sets priorities and spends its time. It is a symbolic behavior between bosses and workers. Style is a refection of your speaking and thinking habits. Staff: The staff is comprised of the people in an organization, who work for the organization and the employees and their general capabilities. Skills: To get paid what you are worth, know your disruptive skills by Whitney Jhonson. When selling yourself in the talent marketplace, it can be all too easy too easy to focus on the strengths that are required of the job in question. Skills are organizational capabilities that are independent of individuals. Share value: called super ordinate goals when the model was first developed. It is proof of existence of the company. Share value is represents their own present company situation. 1(d) strategic Marketing Models There are plenty of marketing models I found. I would like to describe among three of them. 1. Benchmarking Benchmarking is the systematic comparison of organization processes and performances in order to create new improve processes. Benchmarking involves management identifying the best firms in their industry; in which organization evaluate various aspects of their processes in relation to best companys processes. There are four general types. Internal benchmarking is the process of within an organization. Functional the process of benchmarking within the broader range of the company. Generic benchmarking comparing operations between unrelated industries. Competitive benchmarking performance and operations with direct competitors. When to use it There are much has been written on the benchmarking process. Most variations on the basic elements of the methodology are the results of including situational characteristics factors practical issues that arise in certain industries in between benchmarking partners and analysts. Benchmarking methodology identifies other industries that have same processes, for instance if one were interested to improving hand offs in addiction treatment he or she would try to identify other fields that may also have hand off challenges. Benchmarking entail the following steps. Determine the scope. Select the benchmark partner. Determine measures, units and data collection method. Collect the different data Analyze the data and discrepancies to get facts behind the numbers. Analysis and discuss implications according to company goals. Make an action plan with procedures. Monitor on benchmark progress. (Steven, Wouter, Steve, 2003) Maruti Suzuki also apply benchmarking plan on new Zen Estilo sports car. Maruti has come with a refreshed version of Zen Estilos sports edition. It is not much difference with original car , Estilo sports the new MotoGP graphic, sports decal on door panels and full wheels cover on both the wheel. This car also gets electronic ORVM and integrated. By applying, benchmarking can not only provide comparative data that can trigger the need for improvement, but it highlight new improvement opportunities and get good solutions to problems. (http://www.gaadi.com/cars/blog/benchmarking-for-zen-estilo, 2010) Final analysis of benchmarking Benchmarking is not easy for apply in the organization. All to often benchmarking is carried out by semi-committed managers, without the use of pre determined measures and without the proper tools for analysis and presentation. Most of benchmarking projects may not get good results. Benchmarking is never ending: measure continuously in order to get up to date result and company can get lots of new ideas from the benchmarking performance. (Steven, Wouter, Steve, 2003) 2 marketing mix Marketing mix method gives priority to the marketing mix consisting of product, promotion, price and place (distribution).This elements also known as 4Ps. Product Price Promotion Target Market Place Classical Marketing Mix An element creating an effective marketing strategic is the choice of target market. A target market consists of a group of potential customers with similarity characteristics (e.g. it would be similar demand and needs or processing) that company has chosen to serve. Although the creation of satisfaction among a particular group of potential customers involves is to dozens of decision. The objective is to combine the satisfying of market needs as well as company meet their profit. Product strategy Product is anything that is capable of satisfying customer needs and wants. Customer needs may value, costs, delivery, status, risk, reduction and many more that is all key customer requirements. In the product there are four stages like introduction, growth, maturity, and decline. Growth: at this stage company sale the more product and get good profit. Apart from this the demand of product will also increase so customer perches repeat the product. Profit may decline to next stage. Maturity: maturity is the stage that sales reach at pick point; the survivors battle for market share by product improvements, advertising, promotion offer, price cutting and discount. So the result is a company sells more products but profit margins low. Decline: sales and profit fall during the decline stage as new technology or change in the consumer task work for reduce the demand of the product. Product and promotional development budget may be down and supplier seeks to increase profit margins. Promotion strategy This strategy is related with decision which focuses on the methods of communication. Key methods including personal selling, door to door, publicity, direct marketing, advertise, exhibition and many more. Promotion strategy is in five stages like identify target audience, set communication objective, create message, select promotion mix and set promotion budge. Sales staff play important role in word of mouth and public relations. Pricing strategy Pricing is the main element of the marketing mix because it is only one way that directly generates profits. The price is the amount a customers pay for the product. In the price of the porduct include of design, develop and manufacture products, transport and distribution. There is three strategic objectives that affect to the pricing decision are build, bold and harvest. Place Place represents the location where product can be purchased. It is determined by number of factors including material costs, product identify, share market and materials cost. (Egal colin, 1998) 3 customer relationship management tools Customer relationship management (CRM) is a process which company use for understand their customers groups and respond fast on at times and instantly-to shifting customer desires. This method allows firms to collect and manage the customer data and arrange on the bases of that information. CRM also provide needs and wants as well as behaviors and allow them to modify products targeted customers segments. This strategy method uses for collect market research on customers at in real time, generate more reliable sales forecasts, improve customers retention and relation and feed data on customer preference and problems related on product designers. The main methodology of CRM is by defining strategic pain point in the customer relationship cycle. (Darrell, 2000) Task 2 There are number of strategic marketing option in Maruti Suzuki but I will discuss three of them. Patronage and Loyalty Strategy: In Marketing practice, most so-called customer retention programs that is only focus on behavioral outcomes, such as repeated patronage. Customer loyalty is viewed as the strength of the relationship between an individuals relative and repeat patronage. Maruti udyog limited maintain relationship with customer, so company reduces their original price of the car. Only one automobile company in India which is provides number of car service center at different place. According to the companys MD, our customers rated us the best in India in both sales satisfaction and service satisfaction in the survey held JD power. Maruti Suzuki has now the leadership in customer satisfaction for the past ten consecutive years. The main advantage of the strategy is that company attracts more customers for purchase new car. Company provides low rang of the car thats way company get lees profit margin. Strategy on International market extension: Company is exports in Poland, Switzerland, Netherlands, Finland and many more countries. Maruti Suzuki cars ply on the road of these countries and they are soon becoming the fastest selling in those land. As per the financial data Maruti export 147,575 vehicles in 2010. This is the highest number export by the company and translates to growth of 28.5% over last financial year. Company grew 111% in export sales mainly to Western Europe, because of company introduce new fuel efficient car A Star. A company export, entry-level across the globe to over 120 countries and focus has been to identify new market. Every coin has two sides, company can expand their business at international market and customers know about the brand value, on the other hand, main disadvantage is it can spend much time to think abroad culture, system to start business and it is not achieve all of this things. In addition, lack of experience in foreign markets. (www.marutisuzuki.com, 2010) Strategy low cost segment: Maruti Suzuki main strategy is to provide good car with low cost. In India, medium people group stay, so company knows what is requirement of this countrys people. Though, company is trying to approach this strategy as low cost car. Maruti launch small car with different range in the Indian market as well abroad. Every car value between 250,000 to 450,000 its easy to purchase by medium worth people. Cost leadership in the market due to efficient value chain is the main strength of the company. On the other side, the biggest threat to Maruti is Globalization. With increase in globalization and world being a common market place every automobile company is leading in the small car segment. Latest example, TATA launch Neno car which worth is only one lake. 2(b) Key Stakeholders of MARUTI Maruti has number of stakeholders groups in the organization, which are as follows. Employees: an employee is any person hired by an employer to do particular job. In this employees include directors, manager, supplier, and worker. Company should be responsible for wages, job satisfaction, security, trade union and condition. Shareholders: a shareholder is an individual or organization owing invests in company. Shareholders have a legal claim on a percentage of the companys earnings and assets. If company goes to loss at the time shareholder may loss their entire value. (www.investorglossary.com) Suppliers: company should be give payment on time and consistent order. Supplier should be knowledge of how maintain the relationship with the customers. 2 (c) suppliers can participate in the development of an organization strategy. As a mention above, suppliers have contacts of different customer so company can know what the needs of customer are after word it may fulfill that wants. As well supplier should knowledge of how to behave with the customer and what the strategy for attract more customer to buy particular things. Maruti Suzuki is one of the company in India which have no equal sales and service network. As per the company data currently has 800 plus dealership across more than 500 cities in India. Service is major revenue of the automobile company. So, company could provide better service as well on time by different suppliers. This supplier strategy can attract more customers to purchase car. (www.marutisuzuki.com, 2010) 2 (d) Strategy and implementation from employees at all levels The implementation of strategy is key element of success business. Maruti Suzuki is very concise about employees strategy. Employees play vital role to become successful an organization. When company wants to introduce new strategy at that time company should be involve in every important decision. The implementation of a business strategy, company need specific arsenal of skill necessary. If company wants really success in the business so it should be achieave the employess fulfils like pension, security, good remuneration, children education, job satisfaction. Once employee satisfied with the all requirement after word they will fully support towards the new strategy. Then company can achieve their goal with easy. Task 3 Laymans language definition Creating a Vision statement is articulating your dreams and hopes for an organization. It does tell direction of the business planning and let your imagination go and achieve your dream. Mission statement can guide in bad and good time to the company and it help to make good decisions making for the companys goals. A strategic objective is making decision on allocating its resources to pursue this strategy. Strategic planning includes various techniques like SWOT analysis, PEST analysis and STEER analysis. Book definition 3(b) Maruti Suzuki vision, mission, objectives Vision is the leader in the Indian automobile industry, creating customer delight and shareholders wealth; a pride for India The company wants to create good image towards the customer and to attract shareholder also. Maruti Company believes in Customer is the king of the market. So, Company is very concise about the giving good units and service. Taking forwards its commitment to road Safety; Maruti Suzuki has adopted a National Road Safety Mission To fulfill the companys mission, Train 500,000 people in safe driving across India in the next 3 years. In addition, Maruti Suzuki will continue to support to government and industry in their efforts for road safety. Core values is we believe our core values drive us in every Endeavour 3(c) important of Culture and ethical values for development of its vision, mission and strategic objective. Culture is the way your organization operates, its customs, attitude, etiquette etc. culture is to teach how to relate to other human beings, how to relate nature and how to relate to time. In organization, when worker work in group at the time face the basic relationship dilemmas. (Paul, 2000) Ethics is about public rules and regulation and that moral are personal, it ethics and morality and ethical and moral can be used interchangeably. Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong. Ethics is roles of right behavior (Paul, 2000) Maruti Suzuki is very concern about the culture and ethics towards employee and customer Companys vision is We believe our core and values drive us every Endeavour. Company is to trying reach their vision statement to provide different activity like run driving school at free of cost and teach safe drive. Company design to give road safety to fulfill the mission by corporate social responsibility program: utilizing existing resource and a nation reach, partnership with stakeholders, use of business skills to benefit society, in addition to making a financial contribution. (www.marutisuzuki.com, 2010) Every individual has unique personal values and every origination has its own set of values, rules and organizational ethical culture. 3(d) Core competencies and one critical factor of Maruti Suzuki Customer acquisition is a term used analyze the system and methodologies to manage customer prospects and inquires, it is worked by different marketing techniques. It can be connect between customer relationships and advertise management. By different advertise, company try to attract new customer and aware of the product. To approach this customer acquisition, companies apply two type of marketing, direct and mass marketing. (Darrell, 2000) Brand value of the company is critical success factor for achievement vision, mission and objectives. Maruti Suzuki is fames In India by their brand value. Every one knows about the company and its feature in automobile market. So its enough to explain to launch the new product in the market. Task 4 response to recent changes in the current business and economic climate Yes, Maruti Suzuki introduce K-series engine in the market, it is run by gas. So we can say that environment pollution will reduce by this type of car. This type of strategy boosts their business in international market. Apart from this company start work with ICICI in insurance sector. So company will provide good insure of the car as well person insurance. Because of this recent changes India has increase their GDP rate. 4(b) effectiveness in the environment Yes, I think company introduced new scheme to attract customer which is the forever yours extended warranty program to approach this program company give better resale value of vehicle and the proper Assurance. This program effect on reduce the road accident and customer get proper compensation against the loss. (C) Three major functional area of Maruti Suzuki Marketing This is important functional area of Maruti Suzuki. Marketing is the simple process of winning customers for product and services. It can be approach by different marketing strategy. Maruti focus on rural market, plants to double outlets. The companys vision core values are we believe our core values drive us in every Endeavour they have earn reputation from the customers and their employees. Maruti launch new WagonR with K Series engine. It is more powerful and has higher fuel efficiency than other cars, Finance This is another major functional area which, Maruti Suzuki finances marks coming together of the largest players in the automobile finance business. They are believed in the benchmarks in quality as well as efficiency. Maruti volumes and networked dealerships with combined they will offer Maruti finances superior service and competitive rates in the marketplace. Insurance: This is the major function of Maruti which can protect to the customers by giving insurance. Maruti launch this area in 2002 with the help of National Insurance Company, New India Assurance, Bajaj Allianz and Royal Sundaram. According to the 2005 report company were able to sell more than two million insurance policies. (http://www.gaadi.com/cars/blog/benchmarking-for-zen-estilo, 2010) 4(d) providing one function area for the development As per above I mention three function area I would like to introduce marketing function area. Maruti Suzuki car is very fames in the Indian market because of small car with small amount. Maruti launch K-seris Wegnar to compete with TATA Neno car. Maruti brand value is enough in the market although company give right blend of product quality, design, features, costs and prices. Overall, all of that reason Maruti compete with other automobile company in the market. Task5

Essay --

Philosophy is one’s oxygen. Its ubiquitous presence is continuously breathed in and vital to survival, yet its existence often goes unnoticed or is completely forgotten. Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant was one of the many trees depositing this indispensable system of beliefs into the air. Philosophy is present in all aspects of society, no matter how prominent it may be. As Kant was a product of the Scientific Revolution in Europe, the use of reason was an underlying component in the entirety of his ideas. One of his main principles was that most human knowledge is derived from experience, but one also may rely on instinct to know about something before experiencing it. He also stated that an action is considered moral based on the motive behind it, not the action itself. Kant strongly believed that reason should dictate goodness and badness (McKay, 537). His philosophies are just as present in works of fiction as they are in reality. This is exemplified by Lord of the Flie s, a fiction novel written by William Golding. The novel strongly focuses on the origins of evil, as well as ethics, specifically man’s treatment of animals and those around him. Kant’s philosophy is embedded in the thoughts and actions of Piggy, Ralph, Jack, and Simon throughout the novel. Kant’s beliefs also slither into â€Å"Snake,† a poem by D.H. Lawrence, focusing on the tainting of the pure human mind by societal pressures and injustices. Overall, both the poet in â€Å"Snake† and Piggy, Ralph, Jack, and Simon in Lord of the Flies showcase Immanuel Kant’s theories on ethics, reasoning, and nature. Kant’s philosophy provides the backdrop for the societal structure portrayed in literary form in Golding’s Lord of The Flies. His rudimentary views on evil were emulat... ...losophy. Immanuel Kant’s opinions on ethics, reasoning, and nature make their way into both Lord of the Flies and â€Å"Snake.† The characters in Lord of the Flies confirmed Kant’s belief in the inevitability of inner evil and the use of an organized society to suppress it. These characters also exemplified Kant’s thesis that one must eliminate all prior beliefs in order to keep an open mind and avoid miscommunication. In addition, the speaker in â€Å"Snake† justified Kant’s belief that one’s actions do not necessarily express his moral goodness. Finally, both Lord of the Flies and â€Å"Snake† proved that the way one treats mankind mimics the way he treats animals. Kant’s philosophy exists in both fictional works and the real world. Philosophy is the instruction manual to life that explains how the individual pieces of the world come together and why they work the way they do.

growaw Kate Chopins The Awakening - Edna Pontellier’s Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

Edna's Awakening in Kate Chopin's The Awakening      Ã‚  Ã‚   The society of Grand Isle places many expectations on its women to belong to men and be subordinate to their children. Edna Pontellier's society, therefore, abounds with "mother-women," who "idolized their children, worshipped their husbands, and esteemed it to a holy privilege to efface themselves as individuals".   The characters of Adele Ratignolle and Mademoiselle Reisz represent what society views as the suitable and unsuitable woman figures. Mademoiselle Ratignolle as the ideal Grand Isle woman, a home-loving mother and a good wife, and Mademoiselle Reisz as the old, unmarried, childless, musician who devoted her life to music, rather than a man.   Edna oscillates between the two identities until she awakens to the fact that she needs to be an individual, but encounters the resistance of society's standards to her desire.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Kate Chopin carefully, though subtly, establishes that Edna does not neglect her children, but only her mother-woman image.   Chopin portrays this idea by telling the reader "...Mrs. Pontellier was not a mother-woman.   The mother-woman seemed to prevail that summer at Grand Isle".   Edna tries on one occasion to explain to Adele how she feels about her children and how she feels about herself, which greatly differs from the mother-woman image.   She says:   "I would give up the unessential; I would give my money; I would give my life for my children; but I wouldn't give myself.   I can't make it more clear; it's only something I am beginning to comprehend, which is revealing itself to me."   This specifically contrasts the mother-woman idea of self-sacrificing for your husband and children.   Also, the "something . . . which is revealing itself" does not become completely clear to Edna herself until just before the end, when she does indeed give her life, but not her self for her children's sake. Although Edna loves her children she does not confuse her own life with theirs.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Similarly to Edna's relationship with her children is that with her husband, Leonce.   The Grand Isle society defines the role of   wife as full devotion towards their husband and to self-sacrafice for your husband. Edna never adhered to the societies definition, even at the beginning of the novel.   For example, the other ladies at Grand Isle "all declared that Mr.

Account of the Travels, Sufferings and Persecutions of Barbara Blaugdon

Account of the Travels, Sufferings and Persecutions of Barbara Blaugdone The title of Barbara Blaugdone’s memoir is An Account of the Travels, Sufferings and Persecutions of Barbara Blaugdone, with â€Å"travels† highlighted by its enormous size. Indeed, when reading the book the reader is perhaps most struck by Blaugdone’s excessive, nearly constant travel habits. It may even be argued that at its heart the book is a travel narrative and not a memoir or even a religious account. She traipses about the seas around the British Islea, not only in England but also venturing to Ireland to proselytize and preach to those yet untouched by the Quaker message. Travel was an important part of Quaker life. As a fledgling religious movement focused on the importance of introspective faith and a personal relationship with God, many Friends took it upon themselves to spread the word world-wide. Furthermore, as a group looked down upon and disliked by the rest of English society, Quakers were tempered to have a predisposition towards independence and adventure that serve...

Art of War Summary Essay

Art of War is a famous Chinese military strategy book written by Sun Tzu, an ancient Chinese military general. He was famous during his time and for his work entitled Art of War, which made him known even up to our century. According to Wallace (2010), Sun Tzu is the author of one of the most prominent pieces of literature during the era of the Warring States in which China entered around the first millennium B.C.E. In this work of art Sun Tzu takes a rational approach to the problem of conflict and dissects every aspect of it. Sun Tzu is undeniably an historical figure. The book is all about how to win a war by employing strategies and tactics given the information and ideas that every general must know from laying plans, handling his army, giving commands, positioning, maneuvering and all other important aspects mentioned by Sun Tzu. The book is concentrated on war strategies and tactics but Sun Tzu’s philosophies from the Art of War can be viewed from many perspectives. It can be applied on many circumstances including strategic management, the strategies and tactics that were laid on the book can be applied to many aspects of business management. Sun Tzu’s ideas believed that laying plans is vital before making any move. This idea is the same as careful planning and gathering reliable information before making any decision in strategic management. Assessing one’s environment is helpful in a business perspective, too. Know yourself, know your enemies. Knowledge is as important as guns and bullets in engaging war. Knowing the enemies and your own strengths and weaknesses is similar to SWOT analysis. Economic aspect must be considered in engaging business same as engaging in a war. Time is of essence that’s one thing that is common to war and strategic management. In business, decisions must be made in a timely manner. Be moral and ethical. Sun Tzu included Moral Law as one of the constant factors. In business, customers usually patronize those who are known for their ethical behaviour.   The true leader knows both how to utilize his resources and when to make a decision. He plans by making a combination of direct and indirect tactics. Handling resources and decision making are constant activities both in war and in managing business. Sun Tzu’s classical book was intentionally written for the conduct of war but his ideas and perceptions don’t just fit for war. The book addresses strategy in broad manner making it applicable to strategic management. II. Summary The first chapter of the book concentrates on ideas and information that a general must be aware of. The art of war is governed by five constant factors, all of which need to be taken into account. They are: the Moral Law; Heaven; Earth; the Commander; Method and discipline. These factors should be known to every general because this will serve as guidelines in conduct of a war. Knowledge on one’s environment and assessment of it is important to achieve victory. Sun Tzu believes that deception and intelligence will bring home the bacon. Second chapter’s central idea focused on how to do the battle, the tactics that must be employed when the battle is on and the economic aspect of war. Sun Tzu mentioned in this chapter that when you do battle for a long time it will dull your forces and exhaust your resources. Prolonged warfare only brings poverty to a country. Proper timing on when to attack, valuing every minute during the war, and making victory as the objective of every war will prevent prolonged warfare. Be flexible. Be a clever fighter. These are Sun Tzu’s message in the next two chapters. The fifth chapter tackles force and domination as a tool to build momentum. â€Å"The control of a large force is the same in principle as the control of a few men: it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers. Fighting with a large army under your command is not different from fighting with a small one: it is merely a question of instituting signs and signals.† This just means that a large size of the army doesn’t secure victory, proper handling of men and right commands somehow does. Avoid being deceived and shaped. The army must remain invisible to its enemy and maintain unity. Sun Tzu emphasizes in the sixth chapter that an army must know their own strengths and weaknesses. Then, figure the enemy’s strengths and weaknesses with the help of deception. By this, one can see the opportunities and threats brought by the environment. Maneuvering is the seventh chapter’s focus. Sun Tzu said that tactical maneuvering is difficult. Yes it is. Keeping an advantage is hard to maintain but this is very essential to shield your army from defeat. The next chapters are focused on how to respond on different war situations. Adaptation is elaborated in the eighth chapter of the book. Sun Tzu focuses on the need for flexibility in this chapter. He explains how to successfully respond to shifting circumstances. The succeeding entitled â€Å"The Army on March† describes how the army must move from one place to another, paths that requires expertise before you can go through it and the areas that must be avoided to maintain advantage. Chapter ten looks into the general aspects of resistance and the six kinds of terrains or field positions which each of which offers advantages and disadvantages both in terms of advancing position and defending the army. Sun Tzu said that the art of war recognizes â€Å"Nine situations† and these are elaborated in the eleventh chapter. These are: dispersive ground; facile ground; contentious ground; open ground; ground of intersecting highways; serious ground; difficult ground; hemmed-in ground; desperate ground. Translators say that these nine situations can be generally grouped into early, middle, and late-stage conditions, and they range from scattering to deadly. In each of these situations, there is one and only one appropriate response. As the title says, â€Å"Attacking by fire† this chapter is basically lays down the five different ways to attack the enemy using fire. First, burn the soldiers in their camp. Second, burn their stores. Third, burn their equipment. Fourth, burn their weapons. Lastly, burn their supplies. The ways mentioned have been widely used by many battles. The last chapter focuses on the importance of gathering information from reliable sources and managing them. It specifically discusses the value and methods of developing good information sources. It describes five kinds of spies: local spies, inside spies, reverse spies, dead spies, and living spies. Reliable information can help mold your own strategy and gain competitive advantage.

IPO of Hertz Essay

1. Why are the private equity sponsors pursuing an IPO of Hertz at this time – that is, what is the purpose of the IPO? The sponsors wanted cash in order fund another special dividend. They felt that even though they had only owned the company for short time, they were in the perfect position to sell it. There are several reasons why 2006 was an opportune time for the IPO of Hertz. The market was on the rise with the S&P up over 10% on the year. The IPO market itself was incredibly strong, outperforming 2005 by November. As the case states â€Å"198 IPOs had price raisings approximately $41 billion. The pricing of IPOS also seemed solid. Of the 198 deals, the average first-day return (not annualized) was 8.8%. After four weeks, nearly 60% were trading above their offer prices†. Hertz was also recognized as one the top car rental brands in the world, it’s branding was dominant throughout North America, which in turn, gave it premium pricing power. At the time, Her tz also had the opportunity to expand in both the non-airport and equipment rental markets, which also has higher margins than general car rentals. 2. What are the differences between conventional IPOs and IPOs that arise from leveraged buyouts? First of all, it appears that private equity-led IPOs (RLBOs) are more successful than their non-buyout-backed counter parts. According to the case â€Å"a study which examined nearly 500 private equity-led IPOs from 1980 to 2002. For example, relative to $1 invested in the S&P, investors in RLBOs earned $1.05 on average over 36 months following the IPO compared to $0.81 in non-buyout-backed IPOs.† Sponsors also take it upon themselves to use debt in order to issue a special dividend and pay themselves for their work. This action typically raises concerns whether the sponsors are invested in the company over the long term. However, private equity firms claim that one of their advantages is their long-term perspective, a study by Moody’s involving 222 buyouts determined that this was not the case and that Special dividends resulted in a credit downgrade almost half of the ti me. 3. Should the sponsors have taken on additional debt and paid themselves a dividend from Hertz? No, the sponsors should not have taken on additional debt and paid themselves a dividend from Hertz. This pre-IPO action implemented by the sponsors shed negative light on themselves and the company as a whole. It portrayed entitlements of greed while hurting Hertz well established market reputation, it discouraged investors from potentially investing in the company, as well as throwing a  negative persona over the future outlook for Hertz. The dividend payment also caused a media uproar with more negative externalities being portrayed against the sponsors, as they were seen as money hungry investors with no true intention of expanding the value of Hertz. They were viewed as just wanting to receive their money and exit the company. Their actions were seen as selfish by the public and their peers, which was reflective by the demand for Hertz shares decreasing, along with the range of the IPO value falling from a stronger near $18 dollar range to a substantial decrease at around $15. The dividend payment provided doubt on the sponsors in how it was seemingly impossible to achieve value creation as well as significant management improvements in such a short time period, overall hurting the value of the company. 4. What are the pros and cons of public shareholders should consider when investing in sponsor-backed IPOs? This question boils down to the differences between investing in a sponsor backed IPO and investing in a non-sponsor backed IPO. During the time of this deal, the Great Recession was nearing its start, so the market took a big hit with that being said. Both sponsor and non-sponsor backed IPOs underwent price declines in their share-price valuation during this time, which should be viewed as a negative when considering investing in sponsor backed IPOs. To build on that with something that can be viewed as a positive, is that sponsor backed IPOs fell at a lesser rate than non-sponsor backed IPOs, decreasing at roughly 9% and 12% respectively. Another positive of sponsor backed IPOs is that they tend to generate greater post IPO price appreciation than that of non-sponsor backed IPOs. All in all, PE sponsors, â€Å"create value from being able to invest and operate with a longer-term perspective than public companies.† This long term perspective leads sponsors to make tougher decisions in terms of operations and debt, as well as being able to, â€Å"hold managers more accountable for higher levels of performance than public companies.† The quick exit tactic often used by PE sponsors does however bring to debate whether these sponsors are, â€Å"in it for the long haul or only for themselves.† 5. At the $15 offer price, does the Hertz IPO represent a good investment opportunity for Berg? Would you invest in the Hertz IPO? After conducting our analysis of the value of Hertz, we believe that offer price of $15 is still too low. We believe the share price to be about $12.69. Therefore, Hertz would not be a good  investment opportunity for Berg and I personally would not invest in the company either. 6. The sponsors invested $2.3 billion in equity (divided equally among them) to finance the $15 billion buyout of Hertz in December 2005. If the Hertz IPO is completed at the $15 offer price and the overallotment option (Greenshoe) is exercised, what is your estimate of the gross returns to the sponsors will earn on their $2.3 billion investment in Hertz (i.e. ignoring carried interest or management fees on the funds)?

History Special Needs Essay

The history of education for children with special educational needs in Ireland has been one of neglect and exclusion. However the past three decades have seen a shift in attitude and policy. A shift which, Professor Desmond Swan has described as a progression in three phases: the era of neglect and denial; the era of the special school; and the era of integration or inclusion . The right to education is recognised in Ireland under Article 42 of the Constitution. However, in 1993 The Special Education Review Committee (SERC) reported: â€Å"Ireland has a conspicuous lack of legislation governing much of education but particularly covering educational provision for students with special needs † During the 1990’s litigation in the sphere of education emerged as an important agent for change in special education. Since the landmark O’Donoghue judgement of1993, parents have sought the protection of the courts to give practical effect to a constitutional right to an education for their children with special educational needs and forced Government to give legislative effect to this right. Over the past ten years there have been a number of key legislative developments in education for people with special educational needs. A stated objective of the 1998 Education Act is â€Å"to give practical effect to the constitutional rights of children, including children who have a disability†. The Equal Status Act 2000 refers to education in relation to the policies of establishment regarding admissions, access to courses, access to any facility or benefit provided or any other condition of participation in the establishment. In suspected cases of discrimination recourse can be sought through the Office of Equality Investigations. The Education (Welfare) Act 2000 is to ensure school attendance. It provided for the establishment of a National Education Welfare Board. The objective of the Board is to ensure that all children attend a recognised school or otherwise receive a certain minimum education. It is Government policy to encourage the integration of pupils with disabilities into the mainstream education system. In a speech in the Dà ¡il in October 2003, Noel Dempsey, Minister for Education and Science signalled that the â€Å"education of children with special educational needs alongside those who do not have such needs has long been Government policy† . The Education for Persons with Special Educational Needs Act 2004 refers to inclusion rather than integration, and notes that â€Å"A child with special educational needs shall be educated in an inclusive environment with children who do not have such needs†¦ † The Act is specifically concerned with children who have special educational needs. It aims to enhance the rights of children with disabilities to avail of, and benefit from, an appropriate education. The Act sets up the National Council for Special Education and outlines the responsibilities of Special Education Needs Organisers. The Act also provides for a range of services which must be provided within a certain timeframe and in constant consultation with the parents / guardians of the student, including assessments, individual education plans and support services as well as providing for a process of mediation and appeals where needs are not met. Such developments might seem to suggest that the concept of inclusion has become embedded in legislation and in Irish Schools but there is still considerable confusion as to what constitutes government policy in relation to children with special needs. Education continues to be provided on a continuum that ranges from separate special schools for children with severe, moderate or mild intellectual disability to special classes within mainstream schools to inclusion within mainstream classes with appropriate support. The National Council for Special Education itself is charged with ensuring that â€Å"a continuum of special education provision is available as required in relation to each type of disability† Section 20(g)5. The debate on inclusion for children with disability has just begun in this country and there is still a very long way to go. The rapid pace of development and change in special education has been problematic. Students with special educational needs may not necessarily have their needs met by appropriately qualified staff. Resource teaching time may not be sufficient, new curricula need to be developed and the physical environment of the school may present a barrier to access.